Auster 隨手亂彈

1.一般衣櫃的抽屜高度多高比較好使用,設計師一開始規劃是25cm,以60cm深的抽屜,25cm or 20cm那個比較好用?

2.衣櫃的高度,身高都約170cm~175cm 舉起手來可以輕鬆拿取吊掛衣服的高度約在205~210cm
不過這個高度做雙層吊桿會太矮嗎? 210-10-5(版厚）=195cm而已,雙層好像有點緊
設計師畫得踢腳板的高度約10cm,會不會太高?

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1)我家的是做20cm,外觀是ok,
但我覺得再加一些到22 or 23更能放厚一點的衣服. 但是要做得夠堅固就是.

2)可以量自己一般的衣服,加上衣架子還有吊桿上的空間,總共會多少
如果超過97.5cm的話,衣服下襬會碰到櫃子,會折到又沾灰塵,
而且,如果沒有其他的櫃子,要放長大衣就很麻煩了.
看設計師能不能把雙層櫃子做高一點.

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抽屜高度這個問題非常的主觀,因為每個人的使用方法一定不同.你必須以目前你現在使用習慣去判斷.
舉例20CM 夏季衣服輕薄或許可以 但冬季呢??
踢腳10CM 正常 因裡面有調整腳

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1.25cm應該是指屜頭的高度，但實際內部抽牆可能就沒那麼高哦!可能會再減個3-4cm~
2.若衣櫃分為上下兩個桶身，裝上下兩支吊衣桿可能有的衣服會拖到底板，建議可以單獨一高櫃，裝上下兩支吊衣桿，可多出幾公分的空間~

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建議你直接考量你們需要的抽屜內深
至於包外的高度多少就由廠商自行決定(通常會+3～4公分板材的厚度)
我們是內深20cm

衣櫃適用門片或拉門？

衣櫃若用門片／對開門，所需深度為60公分，而製作(橫)拉門則要70公分深，因為(橫)拉門需要8-10公分的軌道。若衣體與床之間的距離不足60公分，勢必得做(橫)拉門，才不會在開關衣櫃時感到走道狹小。
但如果空間條件允許，推薦衣櫃使用門片，因為門片內側的空間能加以利用，黏幾個掛勾掛些東西，或是貼上穿衣鏡，而拉門則沒有辦法。二來，門片的五金較拉門單純，故障率也就比拉門少。第三，由於門片開著可能會撞到，所以使用後不致於忘記關上，但使用拉門反而因為不會撞到人，經常會沒有關上，導致一進房間就看到衣櫃內部，看起來很凌亂。

是否加裝電視？

現在許多人會在主臥房加裝電視，根據風水的說法，床最好不要對著電視（視同對到鏡子），所以電視通常放在衣櫃中，不使用時將門片關閉。由於電視會佔掉衣櫃一個櫃體的中段，約90-100公分的寬度。當你考慮是否加裝電視時，需要先檢視衣櫃原本的收納空間是否足夠？例如當夫妻兩人共用一個10尺（300公分）的衣櫃，家中又沒有其他適合衣物收納的空間時，應該考慮電視是不是必要的？

衣櫃的尺寸

衣櫃深度需為60公分，寛度的部分也就是能做幾尺的櫃子，通常只能遷就現場，很少人會在大坪數的房間做個小型的衣櫃，大概都會將壁面做到滿。但可瞧瞧目前的衣櫃大小是否足夠？依照目前衣櫃的尺寸和狀況來做參考值。另外，你通常多久會汰換一次衣物，淘汰率越少的人，通常會需要越大的衣櫃。若衣櫃明顯不足，只好考慮是否有其他替代的收納空間，或改變自己的購衣習慣或汰換習慣。
一般衣櫃的高度是220-240公分，若衣櫃上方有多餘的空間，也可加做一座櫃體以增加收納空間，價格方面大約為一座矮櫃的價錢，由於超過220公分以上的櫃子必定是做收納使用，要大一點的櫃子才好用，若上方的空間高度不足40公分，就要衡量一下是否實用。
Tip:若在原本220公分高的衣櫃上加做一個櫃體，可能因為櫃體過高而造成壓迫感，可運用色彩來處理。例如原本的衣櫃為某個顏色，上方加做的櫃體卻刷成壁面的顏色，利用視覺錯覺避免過高的櫥櫃給人的壓迫感。

層板、抽屜櫃

衣櫃裏的層板不太好用，因為衣櫃為60公分深，就層板的使用來說過深，必須要遷就，如果可行的話，就另做一個45公分深的抽屜、層板衣櫃。
上為層板，下面做抽屜，毛衣放在層板上，層板以25-30公分為一層的高度，過高的話衣服容易倒。抽屜放較軟的、零散的東西如內衣褲、襪子，T恤也可以放抽屜裡，因為T恤可以捲起來放，較節省空間。抽屜最少要6-8個，一般衣櫃常只做2個抽屜，使用上是不足的。可依放置的內容物調整抽屜深度，如內衣物抽屜可做薄一點，約16-18公分，放衣服的抽屜則做深一點，為20-25公分，衣櫃最下層就可作成30-45公分的抽屜，收納過季的衣物或當成收藏的空間。
先前有一陣子流行用不銹鋼籃，但因為縫隙太多，軟的衣物會從縫隙垂下，不太好用，只能擺大件的東西，所以個人認為抽屜比不銹鋼籃好用。

吊衣桿

衣桿最高處不要超過205-210公分，以免過高不便使用。若是男主人西裝較多，則上吊衣桿至下吊衣桿的實際空間需有110公分，下方的吊衣桿則吊掛西裝褲或女主人的衣物等，這是上長下短的狀況，或是做成上短、下長也可以，上、下吊衣桿應依個人使用高度去調整衣桿的高度，而不應該做成等長，會浪費了中段的空間。
上、下吊衣桿的中間可做個約8公分的抽屜，但不需要抽屜的頂蓋，較方便使用，放些裝飾物件，例如領帶或絲巾。有的人會在中間做格子來放領帶，實際上不一定好用，因為格子限制了收納物品的種類，且格子死角較多，會增加整理的困擾，做成一個大抽屜會較為便利，甚至可放薄T恤或皮包。
單桿吊衣桿則用來掛長大衣，最下面做一個35-45公分的深抽屜，單桿為205公分高，長大衣至多150公分長，深抽屜不做頂蓋，用來裝各式皮包。有的人會想把皮包放置於層板上，由於十分耗費空間，比較適合不用顧慮空間大小的豪宅設計。

全身鏡的位置

若要在衣櫃內裝全身鏡，最好的位置在門片後，但使用者離全身鏡應該至少要有120公分的距離。

電位器(英文：Potentiometer，通俗上也簡稱 Pot，少數直譯成電位計)

25k pot and 1 Mohm form the input impedance.
The 1 Mohm is there for safety ... in case the glider of the pot loses contact.

If you have, like me, in your CD-Player volume control
you should be able to remove 25k pot.

But the pot has got another task. too:
If you use different sources and the amplifier gain is high (sse my prvious posts! )
Then this pot lets you adjust the level,
so that amplifier Will Not Clip.

Rule, if you keep 25k pot.
1. Put your CD-Player output, to 80-90% of max rotation.
2. Play a record with 'normal' output level. Those your favourites!
3. While keeping the CD volume at 80-90%, adjust 25kOhm pot
for a rather high sound output.

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Wrong method to set level:
Turning up the 25k very much, and only be able to use your remote CD-Volume to maybe 15-20%
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為什麼很多人都習慣在客廳茶几上吃飯？
只要到這些人家中看看格局就知道。
古代中國人蓋房子愛面子，最大最亮最舒服的空間總是留給客廳，
餐廳與廚房都被犧牲擺在最遠最窄的角落，這種環境誰喜歡待在餐桌上用餐？

但是現在很多新房子的格局已經不同了，客餐廳共用一個大空間，
擺張大餐桌，大家舒服坐著吃飯不是很好嗎？幹麻委屈自己趴在客廳茶几上吃飯？
而且大餐桌用途很多，料理備菜，整理物品，看書寫作業都用得上。
我自己的新家就是客廳不擺茶几，餐廳擺張六人份的大餐桌，滿意極了。

餐桌與廚房才是家庭生活的重心，這點西方人早就領悟到了，
台灣人在最近十年才漸漸接受這個概念。

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我家只有二口,用中島當作餐桌
我覺得有餐桌比較好
尤其是有小朋友 吃飯也是親子互動的時間

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要是家裡有客人來用餐，餐桌是很需要的。
高度跟姿勢也是重點，家裡又有老人家跟小孩，老是彎腰趴著吃也是不太好。
關於電視，若是真的需要，要是有空間跟預算，餐桌旁再裝一台，也不用太大。

其實空間若真的不夠用，可考慮摺疊式或壁掛式餐桌
平常收納起來不佔位置，等有客人或過節團聚時再擺出來

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有些房子空間根本就擺不了那麼多家具，硬要擺只會讓房子更擁擠。
有些人非有沙發加一面電視牆不可，吃飯也圍著電視；有些人放棄沙發，以一張大餐桌做為生活活動重心，電視只是可有可無的當幅畫掛在牆上。
不管選擇哪種，住在房子裡的人開心就好，不是嗎？

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每個人的需求和使用習慣不同
有的朋友因為考量到有時需要在家工作，所以就把餐桌做的比較大，燈光也有特別調整，整個用起來就很舒適。
也有朋友因為覺得在餐桌上吃飯是一家人情感交流的地方，沒有餐廳就像沒有家一樣，所以也一定要有。
當然，也有看過頂客族的裝潢只做中島兼吧檯，一樣很開心。
所以端看你和家中成員一同想像中的家是甚麼樣子

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看過許多間房子 有餐桌的大概90%都拿來放雜物
一開始就不打算買餐桌
1.增加活動空間
2.吃飯在客廳，如果小孩在救不看電視，小孩不在就看電視
3.親友來當然是訂餐廳
因為不跟父母同住 所以沒有過年需要圍爐的問題

吃飯在哪吃好像不太重要
馬路旁的路搬攤都可以坐在馬路邊吃了
要在餐桌還是客廳似乎不太重要
所以把餐桌的位置空出來給小孩當活動空間

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除非真的是空間嚴重不足的狀態下
我是覺得餐桌是一定需要的，畢竟家人圍在一起吃飯聊八卦真的是一件很好的事情
而且也可以拿來當成小孩子的書桌，桌面大可以讓小孩一起做作業，爸媽也可以坐在旁邊陪他們

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個人覺得餐桌還是有必要的, 畢竟客廳的茶几高度並不適合舒服地用餐,
IKEA摺疊桌,當初我也是考量到空間不大, 最後選擇了這張, 使用了一年半還是很滿意,
一開始規劃靠牆的半邊保持打開, 另半邊保持折下來待有需要時再開, 空間較大,
但只有一開始會折下來而已, 後來就再也沒折過了, 畢竟有個桌面可以放東西還是很方便 [XD]

雖然這張不便宜, 摺疊桌的耐用性也不如固定式的餐桌,
不過如果要找一張設計不錯、好看又有使用彈性的摺疊桌, 這張確實可以考慮一下
另外建議要買的話買圖中這個樺木色比較好, 它像是實木的表面上一層很薄的保護漆,
相較於另一款白色款(型錄上看是很漂亮沒錯啦), 實際質感好很多

但另一點考量就是椅子的問題，椅子也是佔空間的東西
收納式的餐桌通常都是搭配輕便型的椅子，這部分會稍稍地降低質感
如果餐桌及矮桌是一套的，椅子也有搭配，就比較不顯突兀

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不要沙發的客廳，客廳只接放放大餐桌
把人拉到公共空間，家人可以交流反而是比舒適的臥房重要。
而桌子的高度比起茶几用途多很多，喝茶聊天吃飯寫字看書...把人逼出私密空間增加交流機會

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習慣在餐桌上吃飯，你就會發覺餐桌的美好。
而且平時整理乾淨不堆雜物，餐桌還可當書桌，
晚上或週末假日，用餐桌陪小孩作功課，看書、上網都不錯用。
親友來訪圍著餐桌，吃吃喝喝聊聊，我覺得比客廳還好用。

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在飯桌吃飯，是對辛勤準備好三餐的人的一種尊重。
看電視吃飯，您能嚐出飯菜的滋味嗎？
看電視吃飯，有小孩的家庭一餐要吃多久？
嚐到好味道，適時的讚美，對辛苦給予肯定，是維持家庭不二法門。

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餐桌是我們家的生活重心
除了吃飯在餐桌上以外，小孩子畫畫寫作業都喜歡跑到餐桌上，雖然他們有自己的房間與書桌，但是就是喜歡在餐桌上做事情，因為除了可以直接跟大人聊天講話以外，一家人圍著討論他們作品也方便。
我們家的餐桌放在客廳中間，反而沙發與電視在客廳的一側。餐桌上堅持不放雜物，所以吃完飯後一定把所有東西收掉桌面擦乾淨。所以沒有吃飯的時候餐桌反而比較像工作桌。

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在台灣的情況是，大樓或公寓因為空間不大，房間不多，客餐廳通常是連在一起，這個只有共8~10坪的空間，要塞下：1.沙發 2.茶几 3.視聽櫃 4.餐桌椅 5.神明桌
裡面有在拜拜的一定是1+2+3+5 一個組件就佔了一坪至1.5坪的空間，都擺滿了還有剩下的路可以走嗎？
在很多人家裡餐廳如果沒有很好的區隔跟走道規劃，通常到最後是擺雜物無誤，如果是小家庭只有兩代的，那就不怎麼需要餐桌椅了。

Kenwood KT-1000 (1981, $450, detector/MPX scheme: pulse count detector, discrete CMOS switch driven with slimed pulses (no charge injection cancellation) generated by digital means. MPX PLL generated 38k with HA11223 chip)
The top tuner in Kenwood's "Audio Purist" series, the KT-1000 uses the pulse count detector circuitry also found in their 600T and KT-615/815/917 series. It has 5 FM gangs and 5 filters (4 ceramic and one LC filter) and most think it sounds wonderful on strong stations. Note: Don't confuse the 1981 KT-1000 with the old 3-gang Kenwood tuner with the same model number (1970, $90, photo). Our contributor Charles calls the newer KT-1000 "the best sounding transistorized tuner I've heard so far," but for various reasons he feels that "DXers need not apply" (read Charles's full review in our FMtuners discussion group). The KT-1000 has a 3-gang AM section and a jack on the back panel labeled "AM IF. out." The front panel buttons include "RF Select" normal/direct (like local/distant?), wide/narrow IF bandwidth, calibration tone, and a button that annoyingly combines servo lock on/off, auto blend on/off and muting on/off all together with auto (stereo)/mono. In other words, as Charles observed, the only way to turn off the servo lock, auto blend circuit or muting is to switch to mono. On the back panel are jacks for an oscilloscope, fixed and variable outputs, a variable output level knob and a 75 μS/25 μS de-emphasis switch.

Our panelist Jim tried to enter a KT-1000 in a Shootout but it failed its physical: "I had problems with this tuner from the start. I have a rule that a known 'sick' tuner can't be in a Shootout. Either this one needs repair, or Kenwood slipped up on this design. The KT-1000 has a so-called 'touch sensor servo lock' that is supposed to disable when you touch the tuning dial. At least on this piece, it does not. I've been inside this tuner twice. Cleaning the tuning caps, tightening screws, and working and cleaning the switches. Nothing helped with these simple attempts. The servo lock doesn't disable correctly when I push the "LOCK AUTO BLEND MUTING" button either. As a matter of fact, you can try and tune off a station and the active servo lock will aggressively hold the same station for over an inch of dial pointer travel. Very frustrating. I thought this tuner might sound like the L-02T, because they have a similar look and style, but it does not. On a first listen, it has more bass punch than the KT-815 or KT-7500, but on extended listening I just wasn't happy with the sound. The whole sound was lighter and somewhat brighter than the L-02T. The audio op-amps are listed on the KT-1000's board as IC18 and 19 and are 4557s. These could easily be upgraded to my fave OPA2604s, but I doubt it would help much. The circuit contains three more 4557s marked as IC 21, 22 and 23 and are used as part of an 'active low pass filter' network. The signal also goes through RL1, a mechanical muting relay. I'll leave this tuner to be upgraded by the more inspired among the DIYers. I can't recommend it to any of our readers." Our panelist Eric owned a KT-1000 for awhile and had no trouble disabling the servo lock, so Jim's sample apparently did have a problem, but anyone considering buying a KT-1000 should be careful because we don't know how common the problem is. The KT-1000 is scarce and usually sells for $110-175 on eBay, but one went for just $81 in 11/05. Here's a nice photo of the Japanese version, the Trio KT-1000.

Kenwood KT-1100 (1983, silver, black)
The KT-1100, which somewhat resembles the KT-1000, is believed to have been originally sold only in Europe and Japan. The KT-1100 has 5 gangs for FM and 4 ceramic filters, and 3 gangs for AM. Our contributor Peter tells us: "Looking at the schematics, the circuitry is fairly advanced. More functions are implemented using integrated circuits than in the KT-917, like the pulse count detector and sample-and-hold stereo decoder (which samples at four different phase angles). Audio low pass filters are Sallen-Key filters using op-amps, and not any LC filters. As usual, several capacitors and op-amps in the audio path should be replaced and the path simplified or shortened. The wide IF mode uses two identical ceramic filters, and in the narrow mode two more filters are added (another type with narrow bandwidth). All the ceramic filters should be easily replaceable. The tuner's sensitivity is among the very best, the selectivity is good in the narrow setting and very wide in the wide setting. The frequency counter is helpful but could use some trimming to be optimized. For a non-modified unit, the audio is smooth and 3-dimensional with promising low-level resolution, but compared to my modified KT-917, there is some treble smearing, most likely due to the less than optimum capacitors in the audio path and phase shift from the low-pass filters. Bass is rather OK, but could benefit from more dynamics and extension. One positive surprise is the AM section, which clearly has more than average sensitivity, and if the signal is good enough, selectable IF bandwidth and usable AM tuning meter (like the Sansui TU-X1) which adds to the usual signal level meter. The KT-1100 is a completely different tuner than the KT-1100SD, of which I have a modified unit." Our contributor Stephan reports that two "MX" ceramic filters (250 kHz GDT) are used in Wide mode and two "J" filters (150 kHz) are added for Narrow. The KT-1100 is fairly common on eBay-Germany but very rare on eBay-U.S., where it sells for $125 or higher ($190 in 10/08). See how one KT-1100 sounded compared to other top tuners on our Shootouts page.

Kenwood KT-1100SD (1985)
The KT-1100SD is believed to be identical to the KT-3030, but with back-panel switches to change the voltage (120-220-240), channel spacing (50 or 100 kHz) and de-emphasis (50 μS or 75 μS). Also on the back panel are RCA variable outputs and an output level control, multipath outputs (horizontal and vertical) for an oscilloscope, and a 75-Ohm antenna jack. Front-panel controls include a slider for wide and narrow IF bandwidths, record calibration tone, modulation meter control, and local/distant signal button. There are gold-plated RCA outputs on the front as well. According to our contributor Peter, the KT-1100SD has a 5-gang varicap quartz synthesizer and tunes in 50 kHz steps. It has 5 180 kHz ceramic IF filters which are easily replaced (Peter suggests 230-230-150-150-110), and 4 different IF bandwidth settings. Much can be done to clean up the audio, like a better filter for the varicap control voltage, eliminating the "distortion canceling" circuit, and using better op-amps (including the feedback loop of the detector) and capacitors in the audio signal path. Actually, it is possible to eliminate all coupling capacitors in the KT1100SD, making it DC-coupled from detector to output. "Flywheel tuning" can be arranged by modifying the mechanics of the tuning knob. Also, the muting-while-tuning should be disabled. The modulation bar graph display can be modified to show multipath level as a switchable alternative. Before modification, Peter ranks the KT-1100SD just below the Kenwood KT-8300, but after modification it improves a lot in both audio quality and DX capability and will, in some respects, outperform an unmodified KT-917. Our DIY Mods page has more of Peter's suggested mods. Peter notes that there is also a tuner called the KT-1100D, "which looks almost like the KT-1100SD, but with AM added and with smaller buttons. I recently had the opportunity to have a look at its schematics and, generally speaking, the FM circuitry is less sophisticated than the KT-1100SD's but with some similarities." The KT-1100SD is very rare on eBay-U.S. and could sell for $88 (in 6/05), $213 (in 1/05), or anywhere in between ($101 in 2/08), but it's usually found at the low end of that range on eBay-Germany.

Kenwood KT-1300B ,
Kenwood KT-1300G (1975, $140)
Kenwood KT-2001 (1971, $120/orig $100) and KT-2001A (1974, $120)
The KT-1300B, KT-1300G, KT-2001 and KT-2001A are crummy old budget tuners that are probably not even worth what you'd pay to have someone ship them. With so many decent Kenwoods available dirt cheap, why bother with these? The only reason we're even listing them is that we're tired of seeing eBay sellers call them "rare" just because they weren't listed on this site. "Rare" does not mean "good." The KT-2001 and KT-2001A had an astoundingly poor capture ratio of 4 dB, but what do you expect for tuners that sold for $120 when new?

Kenwood KT-2200
If you have any information on this mysterious tuner, which may have been sold only in Japan, please post it in our FMtuners group.

Kenwood KT-3030 (1984)
This digital so-called "Direct Linear Loop Detector Super Synthesizer FM Tuner" may have been sold only in Japan. It has 5 gangs, decent specs and wide and narrow IF bandwidth settings. Here's an inside photo of the KT-3030, which our contributor Peter believes is identical to the KT-1100SD.

Kenwood KT-3050 (1993, $269)
The rare KT-3050 uses the same MPX chip (Sanyo LA3401) and output amplifier (NJM4560) as the KT-5020. The KT-3050 also has the same usable sensitivity spec as the KT-5020, although some of its other specs fall short. The KT-3050 has wide and narrow IF band settings and an active reception circuit that automatically detects the best setting of the IF band and stereo/mono switch, and preset stations can be given names. There are switches on the KT-3050's rear panel for voltage, channel spacing, and de-emphasis adjustments. A KT-3050 sold for $90 on eBay in 7/05, and one with cosmetic issues went for $168 in 6/06. Our contributor Greg reports: "My KT-3050 is the North American version -- it doesn't have selectable AC mains voltage nor de-emphasis. My KT-5020 is the worldwide version, with rear panel selectable AC mains, de-emphasis, and AM and FM channel spacing. I compared both tuners to a high-quality FM source (HDCD, EAD T-7000 transport, Threshold DAC2 digital processor) via a commercial FM broadcast setup (Orban, 'proof' mode, no processing). Both tuners were stock, no mods. Disclaimer: Your mileage might vary due to differences between production runs of these tuners, differences in your preamp input impedance, other HiFi system differences, FM radio station differences, etc. Here are my findings by category:

HF Extension and Soundstage
Both tuners are excellent and sound extremely similar to the source. Both tuners have better HF extension than do most tuners I've tried. Both tuners fall just a touch (ever so slightly) short of the original CD's HF extension, but both tuners impart an open, free soundstage - not at all veiled nor rolled-off.

Timbre
KT-3050 - identical to source except slight emphasis of the mids/upper mids (but the difference is so slight that I doubt most people will detect it).
KT-5020 - identical to source except slight loss of lower mids and bass. Here's more from Greg:

Tuning and Stereo/Mono Modes
KT-3050 - Traditional tuning knob. In Auto mode, the tuner seeks the next higher or lower valid signal; in Manual mode, the tuner increments up or down one step size. Has a independent Mono button, so you can force mono for any reason. Very handy. Note: the tuner stays in this mode whether tuned via Auto or Manual.
KT-5020 - Up/down arrow buttons. Same Auto and Manual features as KT-3050, but doesn't have a independent Mono switch, so the tuner switches to Stereo mode for Auto tuning and Mono in Manual tuning. This creates one additional step for each new tuned station for those wanting to surf stereo stations via the Manual tuned mode.

Stereo Decode Thresholds
KT-3050 - Stereo light turns on at 16 dBf; stereo decode occurs at 21 dBf.
KT-5020 - Stereo light turns on at 28 dBf; stereo decode occurs at 44 dBf.

Harmonic Distortion (for 1 kHz fundamental, 100% modulation)
KT-3050 - 2nd -48 dB, 3rd <-70, 5th <-70
KT-5020 - 2nd -64 dB, 3rd <-70, 5th <-70

Stereo Separation
The KT-5020's was consistently better; for example, 59 dB at 1 kHz vs. 50 dB for the KT-3050. See Greg's original post in our FMtuners group for the measurements.

Channel Balance
KT-3050 -.03 dB
KT-5020 -.05 dB

Static Frequency Response
See Greg's FMtuners post for the measurements.

Sensitivity, Selectivity and Quieting
(Real-world, subjective test only) Sensitivity, selectivity and quieting are nearly identical for both tuners, as observed when I tuned in weak, distant first and second adjacents close to strong, local stations.

Intermod susceptibility
The KT-3050 is more susceptible to high-RF intermod interference by 10 dB for distant, weak 105.1 MHz station.
The KT-5020 is more susceptible to high-RF intermod interference by 10 dB for distant, weak 94.7 MHz station.

So it's a mixed bag regarding intermod susceptibility, and I can't declare an overall 'winner.' I would say that both these tuners are fine candidates for either using in stock form, or for audiophile upgrades per Jim's second-round upgrade of a KT-5020." Our contributor Ray D. adds, "The KT-3050 did not do noticeably better than good budget models like the KT-880D or Sansui TU-S77X for DXing, so I decided it was nothing special and put it aside. After the positive addition to the TIC writeup I thought it might be worth selling since it did not really do anything special for me. It took me quite a while to get around to pulling it out and checking to make sure I did not end up with an irate buyer should something have gone wrong with it while it was idle. I hooked up the Silver Ribbon antenna and fed it in to the Cyrus system and gave it a listen. What the BLEEP! This thing sounds great. Not great 'for a digital' but just plain great. Dynamic, harmonically rich, detailed, delicate highs, tuneful bass. This setup does not allow me to judge the soundstage one way or the other. Just to get a reality check I played it for a couple of friends who have good systems (one has some 3a speakers with Linn electronics and the other some Stax and Proacs) and both were stunned. I brought out my Yamaha CT-1010, which sounds amazing when it can actually find a station, and it was no contest, 3050 all the way. So now I can surmise that this tuner needs at least a decent signal to distinguish itself from the good budget models. I thought the hoopla around the KT-5020/KT-3050 was overblown, but it appears I might have been quite wrong."

Kenwood KT-3300D (1987, $525, block diagram, detector/MPX scheme: PLL detector, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th composite distortion generators with analog multipliers)
David Rich offers this analysis of the KT-3300D: "Pot adjustments subtract these internally generated distortion components from the composite using trim pots (separate pots for stereo and mono). This approach does not appear to be very helpful since it is not temperature compensated and is likely to go out of adjustment quickly, but I could be wrong about this. This circuit is how Kenwood reports such low THDs. It is easy to rip out of the unit if this is desired. The KT-3300D has a true analog multiplier based MPX. The pure sine wave 38 kHz needed for this approach is generated from IC based MPX (AN7418)." The FM-only KT-3300D tunes in increments of .05 MHz and has 16 presets, multipath output jacks and a recording calibration switch. Our panelist Jim shares lots more technical info and describes the KT-3300D's controls on our Shootouts page, where you can also see how one KT-3300D sounded in comparison to other top tuners. The KT-3300D is extremely rare (one or two per year on eBay) and can sell for $110-210.

Kenwood KT-3500 (1970, $120)
The KT-3500 is an old bottom-of-the line tuner that we might pay $5-10 for, just for curiosity. A KT-3500 with a wooden cabinet sold for $76 on eBay in 8/06.

Kenwood KT-4005 (1972, $190)
The 3-gang KT-4005 is the baby brother of the KT-8005 and KT-6005. It usually sells for $10-40 on eBay, but one went for $1.00 in 12/07 and another for $90 in 7/08.

Kenwood KT-4007 (1974, $230)
The 3-gang KT-4007 is the baby brother of the KT-8007 and KT-6007. It usually sells for $15-40 on eBay.

Kenwood KT-5000 (1972, $180)
Here's another example of how "rare" does not always mean "good." This scarce tuner had decent sensitivity but was the bottom-of-the-line sibling of the KT-7000. Since the KT-7000, a fairly decent tuner when in good condition, can often be found for $25 or less on eBay, we don't see why anyone would pay more than $10 for a KT-5000, but someone did pay $31 in 5/07.

Kenwood KT-5020 (1990, $269)
The KT-5020 is an unassuming black digital tuner that, amazingly enough, has sound quality that many believe challenges that of the all-time best tuners. Our contributor Bill Ammons tested quieting, separation and distortion on an unmodified KT-5020 and exclaimed, "Holy potatoes, this is a sleeper!" Our panelist Jim provides lots of technical and operational info on the KT-5020 on our Shootouts page, where you can also see how one KT-5020 sounded in comparison to other top tuners. Our contributor Hank B., who owns many top tuners, chimes in: "Jim, skeptic and tin ear that I am, I had to go reread your Shootout on this fellow before committing my admittedly short-term listening impressions to paper. Suffice it to say that stunned hardly describes my reaction. Without exception, this guy excels in every realm that for my purposes is important: 1- Within literally five minutes it was obvious that its sensitivity elevated it to within the top four tuners I own; 2- Its selectivity in its unmodified and unaligned state is magnificent; 3- Though I've neither the test equipment nor the expertise to verify the operation of the multiplex demodulator or the audio section, my ears tell me that if they're not perfect, they're mighty damned close. The soundstage has the spaciousness of a good concert venue a la Carnegie Hall or the Boston Symphony Hall and the sound itself is seductively natural and lifelike; and 4- My personal 'acid test' is long-term listening and this, for me, is what ultimately separates the men from the boys. Many a fine tuner which excels in one or another realm has had its mask ripped off here. Not this Kenwood. The biggest problem I encountered was trying to keep myself listening to the tuner and not the music--it's really that good. And I don't know if all 5020s are like this one, but in it I can hear absolutely no difference in audio quality between the 'Wide' and 'Narrow' modes. How many tuners do you know of that can make that claim?"

Our contributors Tim and Ann write, "We found a KT-5020 in a pawn shop two weeks ago. We happened to have a stock McIntosh MR 78, fresh from a McIntosh labs alignment/refurbishment, that we borrowed from a dealer friend, so we compared the KT-5020 to the stock MR 78 and to the MR 74 we use as our standard tuner. From a sound quality perspective, the Kenwood CREAMED the MR 78 and was very close in sound quality to the MR 74. Compared to the KT-5020, the MR 78 was very two-dimensional and 'transistory' sounding on live Public Radio broadcasts. We were pretty surprised, as the KT-5020 is certainly no 'looker' and the MR 78's appearance suggests that it would eat the KT-5020's lunch, but such was not the case. Even the Narrow selectivity setting of the KT-5020 was identical, in our listening environment, to the Super Narrow setting of the MR 78, and the KT-5020 sure sounded much better in its Narrow setting than the stock MR 78 did in its Narrow or Super Narrow setting." Our panelist Eric, a longtime FM DXer, agrees that the KT-5020's sensitivity and selectivity exceed what one might expect and rival his top tuners for DXing and audio quality.

Our contributor Todd adds, "I have done some standard audiophool things to the KT-5020 (clean connectors, dampen the thin chassis, mount transformer on o-rings) but nothing electrical, and I've got to tell you that in comparison, my Magnum Dynalab FT-101A with the Signal Sleuth sounds much thinner, with less body on instruments. One could almost say 'Where did the drums and bass go?' The Kenwood's noise floor is quieter and has much better 'room feel'; with the FT-101A, the instruments sound like they are recorded in an anechoic chamber, with little reverb or depth. My comparison was done with headphones to be able to get down to the smaller details." And our contributor Greg adds, "In terms of accuracy of timbre, sound stage and HF extension, the KT-5020 certainly beats many other solid-state tuners I have. I must also agree with Jim's indirect hint that the KT-5020's bass might need to be just a touch more powerful. Like Jim says, the bass depth is there, but not quite the bass power. Of course we're not trying to imply that the KT-5020 is the equal of a L-02T, but I think the KT-5020 offers great performance for the price." See the KT-3050 entry above for more of Greg's KT-5020 findings. See the DIY Mods page for information on DIY audio section mods for the KT-5020, and read about the performance of a modded KT-5020 on the Modified Tuner Report page. Since early 2005, eBay sale prices have generally ranged from lows in the $200 area in 5/09 to a high of $504 in 1/08. Exceptions include one that sold for $103 in 11/08 for no discernible reason, a misguided $49 "Buy-It-Now" in 12/08, and one that sold for $710 in 4/06 when two lunatics ran the price up from $421. That is just plain ridiculous.

Kenwood KT-5300 (1977, $140)
A very common bare-bones tuner that might be OK for those on a budget, the KT-5300 has 3 gangs and 2 ceramic filters. It has a center-tuning meter but no signal level meter. The KT-5300 is not very sensitive in stock form because it has no IF amplification, and would have to be partially taken apart to access the circuit board for mods. Our contributor Brian Beezley was pleasantly surprised by his: "These simple tuners work amazingly well. This thing has just two chips in the FM strip and a few transistors elsewhere. I was hearing all kinds of stations while I was aligning it (the downside of living on a hilltop). It seems to work great, even on AM. (Don't want to spoil my fun and actually measure a sensitivity number, and no fair listening next to a loud local.) Lots of fun for a $5 garage sale item." The KT-5300 usually sells for $10-30 or so on eBay, with an all-time low of $1.30 in 4/05 and record highs of $81 in 5/09, $80 in 12/07 for one with rack handles, and $101 in 8/08 as two bidders dueled to get one with a wooden cabinet. [EF]

Kenwood KT-5500 (1978, $175)
The KT-5500, apparently an improvement over the KT-5300 at the bottom of the line, also has 3 gangs and 2 ceramic filters. The KT-5500 has signal level and center tuning meters and an IF amplifer that improves sensitivity. Our contributor Bill Ammons says the KT-5500 is a favorite of his because it is inexpensive and easy to modify or service, and gives excellent performance when modified. See the DIY Mods page for information on DIY audio section mods for the KT-5500. The KT-5500 usually sells for $20-40 on eBay, but up to $60-70 is possible for mint ones and the all-time high was a bizarre $117 in 12/05. See our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-5500.

Kenwood KT-5550 (1978)
This very rare tuner is the same as the KT-5500, but with a dark gray face. It only shows up about once a year on eBay and sells for $40 or less.

Kenwood KT-6005 (1972, $290)
The little brother of the KT-8005, the KT-6005 uses all discrete circuitry and some say it sounds great. The KT-6005 has 4 FM gangs and 3 AM gangs and is reasonably sensitive, but it has a single IF bandwidth and is not very selective in stock form. The KT-6005 has one ceramic filter, one metal-can LC filter, and a tuned IF stage, so it should not be considered an easy filter mod candidate. The KT-6005 usually sells for $30-60 on eBay. In 3/05, an eBay seller called "oddstuff!" put up a ridiculously hyped auction listing that called the KT-6005, among other things, "Unique Rare Collectors Grade," "Best tuner they made!" and "The ultimate tuner of tuners!" It seemed that potential buyers were offended by the hyperbole and it was quite satisfying to watch that KT-6005 sell for an all-time low of $10.50 (if you can't trust an eBay seller, don't bid!).

Kenwood KT-6007 (1974, $320)
The little brother of the top-of-the-line KT-8007 is a good-sounding tuner in its own right. The KT-6007 has 4 gangs, but its sensitivity is only "OK." It does have some of the same nice features as the KT-8007, including a variable output knob, combination signal strength/multipath/deviation meter and FM MPX filter button on the front panel, and scope output jacks on the back panel, but the KT-6007 lacks a headphone output and has only one level of muting. The KT-6007's adjacent channel selectivity is mediocre in stock form because it uses only one Taiyo Yuden Co. LC filter and one strange green 3-pin filter (not a Murata or Toko). One KT-6007 sold for a too-high $125 on eBay in 9/03, but most sell for $30-70.

Kenwood KT-6040
We think the very rare KT-6040 was sold only in Europe and Asia. Finding one on eBay-U.S. will be tough, because we've only seen a couple for sale in many years (one sold for $265 in 6/09). Our contributor Jeroen reports: "The KT-6040 was the successor of the KT-7020, which was the higher model of the KT-5020. The 6040 is an excellent tuner and, as mentioned by someone else, a sleeper. It is, IMHO, superior to both the 5020 and the 7020, with the 7020 being superior to the 5020. I've checked the schematics of the KT-5020 and the KT-6040, and I see many differences. The 6040 has 5 gangs (I think), 8 ceramic filters and 3 IC filters, and the distortion cancelling circuit is much more complicated. Also the MPX chip is better in the 6040 (LA3450) then in the 5020 (LA3401). The 5020 has a combined AM/FM IF IC (LA1266), while the 6040 uses seperate IC's (LA1235 and LA1245). The KT-6040 is a new design, stepping away from both the KT-5020 and the KT-7020/KT-990D." Our contributor Rudy adds, "I also recently owned the KT-6040 and it's a definite sleeper. In stock form, it's already excellent for both sonic and DX performance. This should be a top-rated digital tuner, on par with the Yamaha T-85." And our contributor Sinan says, "I never heard a tuner with a better S/N ratio! Also extremely low distortion with an amazingly quiet background, but the Sony ST-S555ES has the edge in detail and stage width/depth."

Kenwood KT-6500 (1978, $200)
The KT-6500 was a new addition to Kenwood's 5500/6500/7500 line (there was no equivalent model in their 5300/7300/8300 line). Some say it sounds great, but only has 3 gangs and 3 filters so it'll never equal a KT-7500 even if modified. The KT-6500 can sell on eBay for as low as $20 or so (with record lows of $10 in 7/06 and 5/07) or as high as $90, but usually $35-60. Note: it is possible to buy a KT-6500 cheaply and use its wooden cabinet for a KT-7500. See our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-6500. See our DIY Mods page for a writeup and photo of a KT-6500 modified with a tube output. The Trio KT-6100 (photo, closeup, back), which tunes the Japanese 76-90 MHz FM band, is cosmetically identical to the KT-6500.

Kenwood KT-6550 (1978, photo, service manual, circuit board, schematic)
This very rare tuner is the same as the KT-6500, but with a "gun-metal" color front panel. Typical sale prices on eBay are about the same as for the KT-6500, and one KT-6550 even went for $14 in 9/04 "as is."

Kenwood KT-7000 (1970, $250)
and
Kenwood KT-7001 (1971, $310/orig $280)
These clunky-looking 4-gang tuners reportedly sound good but don't quite match the performance (or looks) of most of Kenwood's later tuners. They are also very likely to need at least an alignment, and perhaps repair as well, when found on eBay. Both have variable output knobs on the front panel, and the KT-7001 has two levels of muting. The KT-7001 claims "4 crystal filters." On the back panel, the KT-7001 has one set of RCA jacks for an oscilloscope and another pair to connect a tape deck (we haven't checked the back panel of a KT-7000). Our contributor Paul Bigelow finds the "humble" KT-7001 one of his most interesting tuners: "It is early '70s solid state, 4 gangs, and has a mix of *crystal* and LC IF filters and a totally discrete MPX and output stage. It really is a reality check: it doesn't have 'stock' (chip) IF, MPX and output stages which, I feel, can generate a certain amount of 'sameness' among tuners. The KT-7001 is very much a statement unto itself and I think it sounds very, very good. It's not an RF champ but its sensitivity is so great that only a small antenna is needed and that's the secret to using this tuner (at least in a semi-urban environment): keep the antenna short and it will still pick up the weaker stations and not fill the noise floor with the trash from images." The KT-7000 usually sells for just $10-50 on eBay (one even went for $1.00 in 11/08); the KT-7001 usually goes for $30-75, with recent highs of $139 in 5/07 for one with upgrades and $130 in 3/08 for a mint one.

Kenwood KT-7020 (1990, photo, German info sheet)
You can search, but you're not likely to find this big brother of the renowned KT-5020 on eBay (U.S.) because it was sold only in Europe and Asia. Our contributor Fabio says, "The circuit of the KT-7020 compared to the KT-5020 seems quite more complicated with the distortion canceler circuits, discrete components MUX (multiplier, op-amps, etc.)." Our contributor Jeroen adds, "Strangely enough, under the hood the KT-7020 is the same as the KT-990D. I own both the 990D and the 7020 and the PCBs are exactly the same with exactly the same components. My hypothesis is that the design of the KT-6040 was meant to be for the KT-7020, but it somehow got delayed and due to time constraints they took the design of the 990D and used it for the 7020."

Kenwood KT-7300 (1977, $260, photo, schematic)
The KT-7300 is a solidly built tuner that weighs a ton, and the consensus is that it has excellent sound. With 4 gangs and 3 280 kHz (wide) filters in stock form, the KT-7300 has the potential to be a decent tuner for DXing (but not as good as a modified KT-7500) when tuned up and modified with narrow filters. The KT-7300 has one IF gain stage and there is easy access to the circuit board for mods. Our contributor Bill Ammons reports that it is a great tuner for weak-signal areas but not as good a performer where there are a number of strong signals. See Bob's Filter Corner for a description of Bill's PCB filter mod, see the DIY Mods page for information on DIY audio section and power supply mods for the KT-7300, and read about the performance of a modded KT-7300 on the Modified Tuner Report page. The KT-7300 is virtually identical, cosmetically, to the KT-7500, even though it's not even close to the same tuner electronically. It has a variable output level knob on the front panel, plus an FM MPX filter and separate muting and auto/mono switches. On the back panel are jacks for an oscilloscope, a 75 μS/25 μS de-emphasis switch and an FM detector output jack. See how one KT-7300 sounded compared to many top tuners on our Shootouts page. The KT-7300 can usually be bought for $35-75 on eBay (with occasional lows of under $20), but much higher is possible: $172 for one with a manual in 4/07 and $128 for a mint one in 12/07. [EF]

Kenwood KT-7500 (1978, $310, photo1, photo2, service manual, schematic, PC board)
The KT-7500 has 5 gangs and 5 filters, with one filter being used for the wide IF bandwidth setting and 4 for narrow mode. It is a very DIY-friendly tuner and will sound terrific when its audio section is updated. It will also blow away most unmodified tuners (at any price) for DXing with a few narrow filters installed. The KT-7500 has a variable output level knob on the front panel, plus an FM MPX filter and separate muting and auto/mono switches. On the back panel are jacks for an oscilloscope and a 75 μS/25 μS de-emphasis switch. The KT-7500 usually sells for $60-100 on eBay without a wooden cabinet (with a low of $31 in 8/06 and recent highs of $187 and $201 in 11/06 for mint ones), or up to $125-150 with a cabinet. Two KT-7500s with DIY audio section and power supply mods as described on our DIY Mods page each sold for $350 in early 2002. More recently, other KT-7500s with audiophile mods have sold for $170 to as high as $305 (in 11/06). See how one stock KT-7500 sounded compared to other top tuners on our Shootouts page, read about the performance of a modded KT-7550 on the Modified Tuner Report page, and see the Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-7500. A description and great interior photos of extensive mods to a KT-7500 can be seen on our contributor Mike B.'s website. [BF][EF][JR]

Kenwood KT-7550 (1978, photo, service manual, schematic, PC board)
This rare tuner is the same as the KT-7500, but with a bronze face. They are seen once or twice a year on eBay and usually sell for $100-125, slightly more than the average KT-7500 price (with a recent low of $58 in 1/09 for a 7550 and a high of $202 in 1/07). Our contributor Ken M., who owns several top tuners, had a chance to listen to Jim's modded KT-7550 (see the DIY Mods page for details of the mods, and read Jim's review of its performance on the Modified Tuner Report page): "I listened to the Kenwood and it's VERY impressive. Stereo separation, soundstage, highs and mids are outstanding. Especially impressive is the lack of grain in the mids and highs. The highs were very natural-sounding compared to my Sansui TU-X1, which I find to be artificial (I'd love to know whether that is just my sample or true of all the TU-X1s). Bass was there, but not with the definition, punch and dynamics of the Accuphase T-109V. My guess is, this is power supply-related. I was getting quite a bit of background noise and the KT-7550 did not have the DX capability of the Accuphase, but I think both of these were antenna-related and not tuner-related, although I used the same dipole as I used with the Accuphase." [JR]

Kenwood KT-8005 (1973, $390, photo)
The KT-8005, Kenwood's top-of-the-line tuner at the time (replaced after a year by the KT-8007), is a solidly built, 25-pound FM-AM tuner with a 5-gang, 2-FET RF front end. The KT-8005 uses two 4-stage filters, early ceramic type, in small metal boxes labeled "MuRata Ceramic Filter" on the top. Each of these filters is equivalent to two modern 3-pin ceramic filters. The specs in the owner's manual say 100dB alternate channel selectivity and it performs like it, with excellent selectivity as well as sensitivity. Instead of a chip, the MPX section consumes an entire board of discrete components. The audio output stage is also all discrete transistors, and many feel that the sound, when the tuner is properly serviced and aligned, is wonderful. Our panelist Jim, who admits to a prejudice against early transistor designs, says, "It was interesting to have this two-tone tuner on my shelf. I see the common heritage of the silver and bronze Kenwood tuners that came later." This tuner, like any other 30-year-old piece of equipment, is unlikely to be in perfect shape as found on eBay, so anyone considering buying a KT-8005 should either check it out first or budget some money to have it aligned. But our panelist Bob adds, "The 8005 and 8007 seem a lot better [when in typical 'as found' condition] than the earlier KT-7000 and KT-7001, which seem to need parts/repair to work well, rather than just an alignment." See the KT-8007 writeup below for more of Bob's comments on the KT-8005. The KT-8005 usually sells for $50-130 on eBay, with an all-time high of $290 (with manuals) in 9/04. A KT-8005 sold for just $12 on eBay in 6/06, perhaps because the seller annoyed potential bidders with his inflated $40.00 shipping charge. [BF][JR]

Kenwood KT-8007 (1974, $420, photo)
The KT-8007 was Kenwood's top-of-the-line unit produced just after the KT-8005 and right before the KT-8300. It was the first Kenwood with a deviation meter that would also be standard on later top models like the KT-8300, 600T and KT-917. The differences from the KT-8005 are in the MPX circuit: the KT-8007 uses a chip based HA1156, while the KT-8005 uses an all discrete MPX board. Other than that, they are very similar in appearance, features, and function. The KT-8007 has a 5-gang front end, 2 4-stage ceramic filters (equivalent to 4 modern 3-pin filters), and a discrete output stage that combine to make one of the best-sounding tuners around. Our panelist Bob recommends the KT-8007 for "deep bass, extended highs, and a very clean midrange that has an incredible sound on uncompressed jazz and classical music." Another contributor agrees, telling us that his KT-8007 has exceptional sensitivity and a warm sound that he prefers to that of all his other tuners, including the 600T! Bob adds, "The MPX chip in the KT-8007 makes it much less likely than the KT-8005 to go out of alignment in a way that disturbs the audio sound. In a nutshell, the KT-8007 is more reliable, and is similar in many ways inside to the KT-8300, except that the 8007 still has the single IF path. Of course, it looks nothing like the 8300, cosmetically. The board of discrete MPX stuff in the KT-8005 has a much higher drift rate over a long time, whereas the chip in the KT-8007 basically never needs alignment." A bit of trivia: the KT-8007 uses basically the same tuning knob and selector buttons as the 600T, with a combination signal strength/multipath/deviation meter, variable output knob, muting off/level 1/level 2 switch and FM MPX filter. The KT-8007 also adds a front-panel headphone jack, which the 600T does not have. It also has scope output jacks on the back panel. The KT-8007 usually sells for $175-280 on eBay, with a low of $80 in 11/04, a recent high of $313 in 2/08, and a nutty all-time high of $461 in 1/06 as two guys ran the price up from $222. Bear in mind that the 8007's little brother, the KT-6007 (see above), sells for well under $100. [BF]

Kenwood KT-8155 (1979) (schematic)
The KT-8155 is the extremely rare dark-gray version of the KT-815. The only one seen on eBay in the past several years sold for $130 in 3/04.

Kenwood KT-8300 (1976, $380, photo, inside, owner's manual, service manual, audio section 1, audio section 2, RF section)
The KT-8300 was a great tuner when new, very sensitive and selective even in stock form. It has the classic Kenwood silver-faced styling (the "gun-metal" gray-faced version of the KT-8300 is the KT-9900), a powerful front end with a 6-gang tuning capacitor, and the potential for top-quality sound after an alignment. The KT-8300's front-panel features include a button to switch the combination multipath/deviation meter, a wide/narrow IF bandwidth button, MPX filter switch, variable output knob and two levels of muting (or muting off). On the back panel, there are fixed and variable RCA outputs, scope outputs, a 75 μS/25 μS FM de-emphasis switch and a dimmer on/off switch. Inside, you'll find two independent filter paths, very much like a 600T (which it somewhat resembles) but without the "middle" path. The KT-8300 uses two 4-pole linear phase LC filters for the wide IF bandwidth setting and three 4-element ceramic filters for narrow mode, rather than the modern 3-pin type. See how one stock KT-8300 sounded compared to other top tuners on our Shootouts page. See the 600T vs. KT-917 page for Bob's quick comparison between the 600T and the KT-8300, and see our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-8300. In our FMtuners group, our contributor Ryan C. tells how audiophile mods transformed his KT-8300. A description and great interior photos of extensive mods to a KT-8300 can be seen on our contributor Mike B.'s website. Our panelist Ray "had to play some DX games with the KT-8300 vs. the Pioneer TX-9800 and Optonica ST-7405. The TX-9800 won the pure sensitivity challenge, but not by as much as with most. When I tested them for adjacent-channel performance, the TX-9800 and KT-8300 could both ignore the adjacent, but the ST-7405 had lots of interfering hash." The KT-8300 usually sells for $150-300 on eBay but up to $400+ is possible for a nice one. The recent low was $122 in 8/09 and the all-time high was a stunning $610 in 4/04 for a mint one with manuals. [BF][EF][JR]

Kenwood KT-9900 (1977 or 1978, photo)
Believed to have been sold only in Europe, the KT-9900 is identical to the KT-8300 in every way except for the 9900's worldwide voltage capability and the color of its front panel, which can be either bronze or "gun-metal" (a metallic medium gray). The KT-9900 and KT-8300 share the same owner's and service manuals and the circuit boards appear to be as identical as the front panel controls are. Our contributor Jeff R. did a shootout: "After a few months, we have decided that our KT-9900 is a better-sounding tuner, by a slim margin, than our Sansui TU-717 in our system. I have no way, either by instruments or knowledge of the use of any instruments, to prove that either tuner is operating at peak performance. Except for LED lamps, they are as-found, likely stock tuners. Also our preference of the KT-9900 over the TU-717 has nothing to with the Sansui not sounding good -- it does sound great. When I flip the switch from 1 to 2 and 2 to 1, we all agree the Kenwood has more of a depth of sound. I am not sure what that is called, imaging maybe? There is just something more going on, more like the band is in the room somewhat at various places or centered at different times. The Sansui doesn't seem to do this quite as well, and doesn't seem to expand the sound as deep. The Kenwood seems much more sensitive to antenna aiming. I couldn't tell you which is more selective. I live in a hole here in Tulsa, surrounded by stations, and they are all uphill, or over the hill. Having said all that, once either finds another station, the other will tune right into to it, and usually not much differance, other than the quality of the 'soundstage,' imaging, or whatever that depth quality is called. I never recall being able to say this one got 100.5 in OKC and that one didn't. They both did, but neither was very listeneable. The one thing that throws it all off for fair is I do not have a dB meter to set the outputs of both tuners the same for a certain volume setting on my preamp. Dialing the Sansui up a bit always seems to catch it up, very close, to the Kenwood sound, but the KT-9900 always has room to go. Again I wouldn't say anything bad about the Sansui, we just think we hear more with the Kenwood. It hasn't one thing to do with measuring anything objectively. Three of us hear it the same, just our humble ears' opinions."

Our contributor Dave N. did a similar comparison and agreed with Jeff's conclusion, while Hank A.'s personal shootout came out the other way, and our contributor doug s. says that his KT-9900 was "one of only a few out of more than 100 tunas I have sampled over the years that I found lacking in soundstage depth enough that I wouldn't want it for serious music listening. It was not refurb'd, but it worked fine - excellent reception." KT-9900s often sell for slightly more than KT-8300s on eBay, with a low of $204 in 3/05, a recent high of $353 in 1/09, and an all-time high of $510 in 5/04. To add to the confusion, there's a silver-faced KT-9900 that was sold under the Trio brand name (see the Trio listing).

Kenwood L-01T (1980, photo)
The L-01T is a very rare FM-only tuner that is seldom offered for sale in the U.S. Our panelist Jim was lucky to have a chance to play with one: "The inside of the L-01T is amazing, with two potted transformers and 3 full wave bridge rectifiers for 3 totally separate regulated supplies. The first, +12V, feeds the first oscillator circuit (assumed to be the local oscillator feeding the mixer), a dedicated supply back to the transformer for the ultimate in LO stability. The second and third, fed by the other transformer, has separate windings for the MPX/audio section (+/- 16 volts) and the +14 volts for the front-end IF section. This very healthy power supply sits on its own board. There is a pivoting arm for the dial pointer wires to move freely. There are 7 gangs in the front end, as follows: antenna in, switch, single tuned gang, double diffused MOSFET gain stage, single tuned gang, JFET buffer/follower, switch, triple tuned 3-gang section, transformer coupled into a balanced mixer. The switch, not seen before in any high-end Kenwood tuner, allows bypassing the first 2 gangs and the MOSFET gain stage for less front-end intermodulation (IM) distortion with high input signal levels. Finally, two gangs are used in the local oscillator, which is buffered and also includes a touch switch controlled varactor-tuned feedback stage from an IF IC, looking very similar to the KT-917's distortion reduction circuit. I only see 4 filters but the block diagram shows them as 'either/or' in filter selection. The detector is the Kenwood pulse count detector, and the MPX decoder is the sample-and-hold switching type, again, very similar, if not identical, to the one in the KT-917. The top and sides are well done plywood and plastic. The bottom is fiberboard with plastic or aluminum sides. The framework supporting the circuit boards and FM front end is either copper or copper-coated aluminum. The only steel I found was the potted transformer cans, screws and the tuning dial balance wheel. Kenwood was VERY serious about non-magnetic influences inside this baby. If I owned this work of art, I would replace all the steel screws with brass screws and change out the resistors with steel end caps in the audio stage, put in new audio caps, sit down and listen to music. The sound is pretty good, stock, with better-than-average bass and a good midrange, but more than necessary sibilance in the highs."

Our panelist David "A" adds, "I learned that the L-01T was actually made in two distinctly different versions. The early European tuners, serial nos. E #00800001 through E #00800071, had a substantially better second oscillator/mixer that performed significantly better than the one in the other version of the tuner. I think that this may account for some of the disagreement between owners of this tuner. European units in this range can be expected to sound better because the better dual conversion circuitry (2.4 MHz vs. 400 kHz) allows the pulse count detector to do a better job. I suspect that the tuner in Jim's Shootout is not from this range of units or it would have likely placed higher. I would expect the sonic difference to affect the imaging, frequency extremes and depth perspective." Here is an interesting review of the L-01T, and read our panelist David "A"'s Ricochet. Three L-01Ts sold on eBay for $1,200-1,625 in 3-7/03, and others went for $861 (eBay-Germany) in 10/04, $1,000 in 11/04, $895 in 2/05, $1,500 in 1/06 and $1,077 in 10/06. An early European L-01T with a low serial number went for a breathtaking $1,800 in 7/05. [DA][JR]

Kenwood L-02T (1982, $3,000/orig $1,800, photo1, photo2, inside, front AGC, Hi-Fi News review, detector/MPX scheme: active IF, PLL detector, first order sample and hold, MPX PLL generated 38k with TR7040 chip)
The solidly built FM-only L-02T has a 7-gang front end and is a phenomenal tuner. Based on a review of the schematic, David Rich had said that he would avoid the L-02T because it's "as far as you can get from the KISS ["keep it simple, stupid" -Editor] principle." However, our panelist Jim calls it "a masterpiece" that he found comparable to the McIntosh MR 78 for DXing, with better sound than the Mac. Our panelist Eric agrees that the L-02T is a dream machine in all respects from a DXing standpoint. Here's Jim's full review: "The L-02T is big, heavy and industrial-looking, a cut below analog beauties like the KT-917 or Sansui TU-717, cosmetically. Ergonomically, the knobs are a touch too shallow for ease of control. The tuning dial is only 5/8 of an inch deep and the other two round controls are only about 1/4 inch deep, compared to 1-1/4 inches deep on a KT-917, 1 inch deep on a TU-717 or 7/8 inch deep on a Kenwood KT-7500. Now for the good news: The L-02T is sonically the best stock transistor tuner I've listened to in my system. It has very good bass and a rich, full midrange, not rich or full like a tubed Mac MR 67 but a more neutral sound as you would expect from a transistor tuner. The treble isn't hot or irritating but does have some extra sibilance due to all those old electrolytics in the signal path (if I hadn't heard the difference after putting in new caps in other tuners, I wouldn't see it as a problem). The audio stage uses four 8-legged op-amps (4564 DA) supported by four 16-legged op-amps (MB84066B). I am going to guess that more care was taken aligning this tuner before market, which may partially account for the great sonics. In an A/B test, in narrow mode, the L-02T (with stock filters) matched my KT-7500 (with hand-picked narrow filters) in its ability to grab weak signals without splatter from surrounding stronger stations."

One of the L-02T's nice features is a signal strength meter that reads from 0 to 100 dB. Its tuning range goes down to an unusually low 87.4, allowing one to tune in the audio portion of TV channel 6 (at 87.75) or pirate stations transmitting below the normal FM band. Only six L-02Ts have been seen on eBay-U.S. since the end of 2001, with two of them selling for $2,551 and $3,000 (both in 2/06); and two from sellers in Hong Kong going for $3,206 in 3/06 and $1,732 in 10/06. The most recent U.S. one sold for $2,045 in 3/08. We're also aware of one that sold privately for $2,250 in 2003, but the seller was kicking himself because he got an offer of $3,000 later. The L-02A (photo1, photo2) is the amplifier that matches the L-02T. See how one L-02T sounded compared to many other top tuners on our Shootouts page, and read our panelist David "A"'s Ricochet. This site has dozens of high-resolution photos of the L-02T, inside and out, before and after mods. [DA][EF][JR]

Kenwood L-03T (1982, photo)
The 7-gang L-03T is a rare tuner that we believe was sold only in Japan. It tunes only the Japanese FM band, 76 to 90 mHz, and modifying it to tune the North American FM band would be difficult and expensive, at best. An L-03T sold for $556 on eBay-U.S. in 4/05, the first one we ever saw offered. If you have any information on the L-03T, please post it in our FMtuners group.

Kenwood L-07T (1978, $625, photo1, photo2, detector/MPX scheme: quadrature detector, charge injection cancellation discrete MPX switches, MPX PLL generated 38k with HA1156 chip)
The FM-only L-07T looks identical to the L-07TII described below, except that it's gun-metal gray in color rather than black, and its rack-mount holes are open on the outsides. Those two differences make the L-07T more "industrial-looking" than the L-07TII. We believe that the circuitry of the two tuners is mostly identical, but the L-07T uses a quadrature detector rather than the L-07TII's pulse count detector and also lacks the two extra ceramic filters that apparently run the L-07TII's meters. Here's a photo of the inside of the L-07T. Like the L-07TII, the L-07T has a 7-gang tuning capacitor and is also very sensitive and quite selective even in stock form (spec'd at 100 dB alternate channel selectivity in Narrow). Any filter modification should probably be done by a pro because the L-07T contains two Murata "Surface Acoustic Filters," specially designed by Kenwood, for the wide IF bandwidth setting and 3 older-style 4-pin ceramic filters which have 4 stages each for narrow mode. The L-07T is scarce on eBay and can sell for anywhere from $159-162 (in early 2009) to $538 (in 11/06), but $250-325 seems to be most likely. The matching amp is the L-07C. [EF]

Kenwood L-07TII (1979, $625, photo, brochure cover, brochure page1, brochure page2, with L-07CII amp, detector/MPX scheme: pulse count detector, IC based MPX HA11223)
The L-07TII is a sleek, narrow, black, rack-mount style FM-only analog tuner that looks very different from the classic silver-faced Kenwood components. It has a 7-gang tuning capacitor and two independent IF filter systems for the wide and narrow IF bandwidth settings, and is very sensitive and selective unmodified with alternate channel selectivity that exceeds 100 dB out of the box. Any filter modification should probably be done by a pro because the L-07TII contains two Murata "Surface Acoustic Filters," specially designed by Kenwood (top row in photo), for the wide IF bandwidth setting and 3 older-style 4-pin 280 kHz ceramic filters which have 4 stages each (the center one in this photo was replaced as part of a mod) for narrow mode. Our contributor Brian Beezley points out that "narrow filter replacement is easy in the L-07TII despite the stock 4-pin filters. The PCB has six holes for each filter, each set correctly spaced and wired for a pair of 3-pin filters. So you can install a total of 6 filters in narrow if you want." The two normal 3-pin, 2-stage ceramic filters (lower right in the photo) are apparently used only to run the meters and are not in the IF signal path. Here's a wider shot of the inside of the L-07TII. The L-07TII uses Kenwood's pulse count detector circuitry, like the 600T and KT-615/815/917, and sounds extremely quiet. Post-mod, it is comparable to a modified KT-8300 for DX performance, but maybe not quite as sensitive as the 600T. See how one L-07TII sounded compared to other top tuners on our Shootouts page. The L-07TII is fairly rare and usually sells for $325-400 on eBay, with highs of $620 and $661 in 7-8/03 and $620 in 2/08 for mint ones and a low of $206 in 8/07. [EF][JR]

Brian reports: "The L-07TII is the most sensitive tuner I've yet measured (50 dB quieting at 15 dBf in mono and 36.5 dBf in stereo). With its three stock 4-pin ceramic filters replaced by two new 3-pin 110s and one 150 (and 3 jumpers) in narrow, it is also the most selective (50.5 dB adjacent-channel selectivity). But on an outside antenna, the tuner had a fatal flaw: background noise on strong signals and no hint of weak signals that other tuners received clearly. This was due to front-end mixer overload. Adding AGC to the two RF amplifier stages dramatically improved performance in my high-RF location - no hint of mixer overload remained. This tuner is one of the few with a postdetection filter good enough to suppress HD Radio self-noise. You won't be annoyed by background noise due to the stereo decoder responding to HD Radio sidebands as stereo subcarrier signals. With its pulse-count detector, 1 kHz THD measured 0.03% in wide and 0.5% with the modified narrow filter. I cannot hear any difference in audio quality between the two filters. The center frequency of the surface acoustic wave filters used in wide is somewhat below 10.7 MHz. But since the detector linearity does not vary with the IF, you can tune to a slightly different frequency to center the signal in the wide IF filter. I modified the tuning-meter driver so that minimum distortion occurs in narrow when center tuned and in wide when tuned to the leftmost edge of the center tuning segment." Finally, Brian points out, "The poor intermod performance I found in actual use for the stock 7-gang L-07TII should caution against relying on a simple capacitor-gang count to estimate tuner susceptibility to signal overload."

Kenwood L-1000T (1991, $1,100, photo, front AGC, detector/MPX scheme: see David Rich's comments below)
The L-1000T is a solidly built FM-only digital tuner that was Kenwood's attempt to recapture its '70s-early '80s glory. It has a 6-gang front end, 3 IF bandwidths, and other features comparable to the Onkyo T-9090/T-9090II and Denon TU-800, but without their extreme selectivity. Our contributor Miklos gives us a tour of his L-1000T: Beautifully built, special braced chassis and a minimum of controls on the tuner itself. In the inside photo to the right is the front end, at the top are the two antenna inputs, and along the front end to the left is the IF section. On the left side is the massive PS, at the top left corner is the standby PS transformer and beside it to the right is the motor-driven output level control. The unit is big and heavy, and its footprint is a bit larger than the 600T's. All of its controls (except the standby/off, tuning and tuning mode selector) are built into the remote control. It tunes in 25 kHz steps and is very selective, in comparison to my other (unmodified) tuners." Our contributor Ed Hanlon remembers hearing about the L-1000T in 1991: "It ran very hot, and was basically a computer. I recall that you HAD to have the remote, or you couldn't use all the functions." Our contributor Jeff, who prefers the sound of his L-1000T to that of his L-07TII, confirms that the L-1000T would be almost impossible to use without the remote.

Another contributor says he owned one around 1995: "One of the most unique tuners I have ever seen or used. Very selective, but the sound was not among the best I have heard. It was about as quiet as I think a tuner can be." The L-1000T was indeed one of the quietest tuners around, and might be a world-beater for DXing with narrow filters installed. David Rich adds: "The L-1000T looks like it might be the best Kenwood ever, maybe the best tuner ever, once past the front end (the best front end is the KT-917). The L-1000T has an RF amp bypass (like the Onkyo T-9090) to reduce front end IP3 but at the cost of sensitivity. Everything in the KT-3300D but the 38kHz MPX now has dual PLLs to generate a very, very low jitter pure sine wave source to drive the analog multiplier. The L-1000T has better construction than the KT-3300D. Please note that I have never seen this thing in the flesh. I am just presenting info based on the manufacturer's specs and the schematics. If you pay a fortune for one on eBay and it turns out to be a bomb, do not blame me." See how one L-1000T sounded compared to other top tuners on our Shootouts page, and read our panelist David "A"'s Ricochet. The L-1000T is seldom seen on eBay and can sell for anywhere from $400-600, with a low of $350 in 7/03 for one without a remote and a recent high of $680 in 2/09. Kenwood is supposedly still selling the remote, for about $70.

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KT-5020 is the equal of a L-02T

The KT-1000 has one RF stage, as do the KT-3300D, L-02T and L-1000T. The L-1000T lets you bypass the single RF stage, as do the Onkyo T-9090 and Rotel RT-990BX (which is the same as the RHT10). The L-02T is double-tuned at the antenna and quad-tuned after the RF. The KT-9XG, KT-1000 and KT-3300D, like the Pioneer F-91 and F-99X, Sansui TX-701 and Yamaha T-70, are only single-tuned at the antenna and are double-tuned after the single RF stage. The KT-3300D, L-02T and L-1000T have passive mixers for improved IP3 [third-order intermodulation] rejection, at the cost of sensitivity. Double- and triple-tuning also costs sensitivity since these have bigger losses than a single-tuned circuit. The Kenwood 600T and 650T, KT-7000, L-07T and L-07TII have two RF stages. So does the KT-917. The same can be said of the Sansui TU-9900 and TU-X1 and the Yamaha CT-7000, which have two RF stages while those companies' later designs do not. Note that the number of gangs can get to as high as nine with a single RF stage, so it is not an issue of lower cost by going to a single RF stage.

Kenwood Basic T1 (1982, $200)
You have to wonder about eBay sellers who say the Kenwood Basic T1 tuner is "top of the line," because one look at a photo of the T1 will make it obvious that it's not exactly feature-packed. Our panelist Ray got a T1 to play with and was underwhelmed, finding "nothing inside": "I searched and searched and found no more than 5 varactors total, 3 for FM and 2 for AM. Two ceramic filters for FM, one for AM. The FM RF stage is enclosed in a walnut sized box and though the spec sheet claims 0.95 μV sensitivity, the actual performance does what the contents would suggest. No signal level indicators but there's a stereo light AND a mono light! LA3350 MPX, no buffer." Our panelist Bob says that the Basic series "was a retro line of components in response to the all-electronic pushbutton volume and tone controls offered by many Japanese companies in the '80s and later." The Basic T1 usually sells for $10-30 on eBay, with an inexplicable high of $75 in 2/04.

Kenwood Basic T2
Unlisted in the Orion Bluebook, the quartz-synthesized Basic T2 is a mystery to us, except that it's clearly a far better tuner than the Basic T1. We've just learned that it has Wide and Narrow IF bandwidth settings for FM, as well as an unusual adjustable slider control for variable IF bandwidth on the AM band. It uses Kenwood's "DLLD" (Direct Linear Loop Detector) technology, their name for a PLL detector, that can also be found in the KT-3300D and KT-5020, among others. Our panelist Bob says, "The Basic T2 came after the KT-9XG, which has a very similar, if not exact same, signal meter display. The T2 appears to be the first Kenwood tuner to use the DLLD. This was a big change point for Kenwood, as the KT-9XG still had the Pulse Count Detector." Our contributor Keith lauds the T2's "excellent AM section, very immune to interference/static." The T2 turns up on eBay occasionally and usually sells for $20-65, with a wacky high of $129 in 6/07.

Kenwood KT-9X
Here's our panelist Ray's review of this scarce tuner, which can be found with a silver front panel or a gold one, as the KT-9XG: "The KT-9X is an early Kenwood digital tuner. Circa 1981, it seems to fit between the end of Kenwood's analog thoroughbreds of the 1970s and their mass-market mediocrity of the mid 1980s and beyond. Fortunately, the KT-9X's bloodlines are much closer to the former than the latter.

"The front end is quite unique as it sports 5 FM gangs but two of them are in the local oscillator circuit as the LO is double-tuned and buffered. RF-wise it has the usual single tune, FET amp, double tune, mixer line up. BUT! There is a front-panel selector for RF mode. Normal mode is as described but direct mode bypasses the RF amp, leaving a triple tuned - mixer setup. This drops the sensitivity about 15 dB, giving the front end high selectivity and resistance to overload. Great for the urban dweller. The IF stages are Wide/Narrow selectable with two 250 kHz GDT ceramic filters in Wide and two 220 kHz CFs put between them in Narrow. Further on is the Kenwood quadrature pulse count detector and the well-regarded HA11223W multiplex chip. Audio out is IC buffered and there is active LPF filtering. All this adds up to a very good performing FM tuner. As a bonus the Wide/Normal bandwidth selector also affects the AM band, giving it better than usual performance. Even the power supply is special, with a separate transformer powering the digital circuitry to keep that potential noise out of the signal chain.

"The specs are good in all aspects. Note that the narrow IF selectivity is only rated at 65 dB, but this is at 300 kHz rather than 400 kHz as is normally the case. Subjectively RFM found the KT-9X to have exceptional sensitivity in normal RF mode and to sound very good without any mods. Though it shares much audio circuitry with the KT-815, it has a much better PC board layout, with short audio circuit traces, which may be the cause of its improved sonics. There is much to like about Kenwood's KT-9X except its rarity." The KT-9X and KT-9XG usually sell for just $10-50 on eBay.

Kenwood KT-80 (1980, $209)
Here's our contributor Stephan's great writeup: "The KT-80 is a no-nonsense FM-only 4-gang, 3-filter analog slimline tuner (3" high) that was the least expensive Kenwood with a pulse count detector. It was available in either silver or black (KT-80B) and featured few controls: power switch, tuning knob (nice size and weighted), rec cal tone, combined stereo and auto-muting, AFC, that's it. Two ordinary RCA jacks are used for audio output, the then-usual 75 and 300 Ohm screw terminals are provided for an antenna, and my 'E' model also features a coaxial 75-Ohm jack. Indicators are limited to stereo, 5-element signal strength and tuned/lock (the latter is brighter if the AFC is locked). Interestingly, what you see from the front are the ends of clear plastic 'light ducts' that are lit by LEDs on a PCB further up. The switches are made of the same material, which mostly serves the purpose of looking gimmicky. ;) The power switch also is illuminated, though on my sample the bulb - 8 V 50 mA, the only one in this tuner - is burnt out. A printed-on tuning scale with coarse marks every 500 kHz and fine marks every 200 kHz is provided, which unfortunately isn't too easy to read in the dark (reflecting some light from the dial pointer tends to give sufficient lighting of nearby MHz marks, but that's not ideal of course).

"Upon opening, the case didn't make the most robust impression, but it's the stuff inside that counts, isn't it? Sound and reception-wise, I'm quite pleased with the KT-80 on a dipole. It has good sensitivity, good 300 kHz and still-OK 200 kHz selectivity (non-Euro/UK models will be worse), and generally very clean audio with low noise, certainly in part thanks to the pulse count detector. Alignment isn't very far off, which I was pleased to see since the Grundig T-7000 it replaced (admittedly not a high-end model in its day) had drifted out of alignment pretty badly in spite of being a few years newer. There also is very little temperature-related drift. I noticed that with the AFC on there seems to be somewhat more bass. Given that alignment of the quadrature coil may be a good bit less than perfect now, I prefer to leave the AFC off.

"Going through the schematic, we can see that the KT-80's interior connects the FM sections of the earlier KT-615 and later KT-900, while being simplified only in the IF section. A 4-gang front end in the usual configuration with a dual-gate MOSFET as RF amp (no AGC in sight) is provided, with an air cap that shows gaps where two AM gangs would have been. An IC called SC114 is used as first oscillator and mixer. Overall, the front end is almost identical to the KT-900's. There is only one IF path which uses a total of three 3-pin ceramic filters with IF amps (discrete and TA7060P) in between, with two different (presumably matched) filter sets being used: The Europe/Scandinavia (E) and UK (T) versions used a 230 kHz GDT filter (SFE10.7MM) and two ordinary 180 kHz ones (SFE10.7MS3), while the rest of the world got a 180 or 150 kHz GDT filter (SFE10.7MZ1/2) and two 280 kHz GDT ones (SFE10.7ML) - the latter configuration would give better sound but worse selectivity and sensitivity due to higher losses. A HA1137W follows which provides additional amplification and an output for the signal strength indicator, an LC discriminator for the AFC is attached here as well. Following this there's the second mixer (presumably to a second IF of about 1.9 MHz) using an AN610P IC. Some filtering later you find the pulse count detector using a proprietary (and consequently undocumented) TR4010A IC which is also found in the KT-615/815. Another filter, the rec cal switch and the muting transistor (controlled by an AN6135) later we find the HA12016 MPX (also used in the KT-900). Behind that is a de-emphasis network (switchable de-emphasis is provided for worldwide models), a pilot tone filter (two adjustments per channel, presumably controlling notches for 19 and 38 kHz) and not much else - there is no dedicated output amp (KT-615 and KT-900 don't have one either). The AN6551 dual op-amp is used for AFC and rec cal tone instead.

"Interestingly, the KT-80 service manual and accordingly its specs are based upon the European 'E' model, while for the KT-900 (and presumably KT-615) it was the US 'K' model. Thus the specifications of the two models cannot be directly compared as the IF filters used differ and distortion, selectivity and (due to insertion loss depending on filter models) sensitivity will vary accordingly. A note on the power supply: Only the European 'E' and the UK 'T' models appear to have used a primary-side fuse in the power supply (for 220V: T63mA). It may not be the worst idea to install a fuse holder and fuse in other models when you're working on one anyway. (Check your current local safety regulations if in doubt.)

"As in many vintage tuners, the audio path can be shortened - if you can sacrifice the calibration tone and muting, a direct run with good coax from FL3 to the MPX would be possible (you'll need to use a coupling cap - e.g. 105/225 63V 1050 or 3.35 film and remove C33 and C40), and the overly long PCB traces from resistors R39 and R40 to output coupling caps C51, C52 can also be shortened. One would need to check whether C51 and C52 can be omitted altogether; if you keep them (I'd suggest replacing them with 105 63V 1050 electrolytic or somewhat lower capacitance - e.g. 3.35 - film types), do not remove 100k resistors R41 and R42 as these avoid getting an undefined potential (and thus possibly arcing due to overvoltage inside the caps) if the amplifier connected also uses coupling caps on its inputs (which, as it happens, is the case for the headphone amp that I use with my KT-80). The most critical coupling caps IMO are C49 and C50 near the MPX filter, which are only 3.35 but should be 105 or better 225 (225 63V 1050 types should still fit I think) for optimum performance. (Again, film caps could be a bit smaller, 4.75 would do.) The small brownish electrolytics around the MPX are low-loss types from ELNA, where many of the 'lytics and the PCBs seem to be sourced from. If they are replaced, use film types of the same value. (European manufacturers like Grundig used these, but I guess in Japan they were too expensive and locally available good electrolytics were employed instead.)"

Kenwood KT-313 (1979, $180)
Kenwood KT-413 (1979, $250)
The KT-313 and KT-413 are low-end tuners that are not recommended because superior tuners like the KT-615 and KT-7300 are so inexpensive. The KT-413 has 3 gangs and its selectivity, unmodified, is not sufficient for DXing. We're told that its unusual "motorized tuning" works well but may make it difficult to tune in a weak station next to a stronger one. The KT-313 and KT-413 usually sell for $10-20 on eBay, but one KT-413 sold for 70 cents in 12/03 and another went for $75 in 3/07. See our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-313 and KT-413.

KENWOOD KT-313 TUNER
$125.00 eBay

Kenwood KT-500
The KT-500 is a scarce little cheapie that is apparently the baby brother of the KT-800, KT-900 and KT-1000, and it's another example of why "rare" does not necessarily equal "good." The KT-500 usually sells for $10-25 on eBay.

Kenwood 600T (1976, $650, front, back, back with amp, brochure, block diagram, detector/MPX scheme: pulse count detector, charge injection cancellation discrete MPX switches, MPX PLL generated 38k with HA1156 chip)
The FM-only 600T was Kenwood's first tuner to use their pulse count detector circuitry, which was designed to reduce noise, and the 600T is a very quiet tuner. It has an 8-gang variable capacitor (it appears to have 9 gangs but 2 of the gangs are tied together - it uses a 2-gang variable capacitor for a local oscillator, unlike conventional local oscillators which use a single type variable capacitor), and uses 2 parallel IF filter paths (wide/normal and narrow). Wide mode uses linear phase LC filters, while narrow mode uses a 12-element ceramic filter section (three 4-pin filters with 4 elements, or stages, each). The 600T is among the most sensitive tuners but in stock form its adjacent channel selectivity is not as good as one might expect. It has excellent sound, in part because of the wide bandwidth, but will probably disappoint a DXer unless some of its filters are replaced with narrow ones. The catch there is that it uses the old-style 4-pin filters in narrow mode, rather than the 3-pin type currently available, so the filter mod is not a straight swap. See the DIY Mods page for information on adjusting the filters in the 600T. In addition to the IF bandwidth switch, the 600T's front-panel features include a button to switch the combination multipath/deviation meter, FM MPX filter switch, variable output knob, two levels of muting (or muting off), de-emphasis normal/25uS and dimmer on/off. On the back panel are fixed and variable RCA outputs, jacks for an oscilloscope and an AC convenience outlet.

Our contributor Charles has a 600T story: "In my kitchen, I took the McIntosh MR 78 down and put up the 600T so I could adjust my antenna better. The 600T has a marvelous signal strength meter calibrated in 10 dB increments. It's almost worth owning this tuner (or sibling KT-917) just for the useful strength meter. The strength meters on most tuners are useless, except perhaps for tuning. I still haven't done as much antenna experimentation as I'd like, but I'm beginning to like the 600T's sound so much I haven't put the MR-78 back. To get the full benefit of the 600T, you have to use the fixed output, which avoids an extra output buffer stage. On the MR 78, the level control is simply a low-impedance pot, like a passive preamp, so it doesn't much matter. As far as DXing, unfortunately the stock 600T is abysmal, with its "wide, wider, widest" IF bandwith control." The 600T's front panel resembles the KT-917's, leading some people to assume erroneously that the differences between the tuners are merely cosmetic, but the 600T is smaller and has very different circuitry inside. See the 600T vs. KT-917 page for Bob's technical comparison of the 600T to the KT-917, the results of a head-to-head shootout between the two tuners, and a quick comparison between the 600T and the KT-8300. The 600T usually sells for $450-500 on eBay, with a recent high of $611 in 6/09 and a semi-recent high of $728 in 5/06. A 600T with audiophile and DX mods, as well as manuals, sold for $1,325 on eBay in 5/06.

Kenwood KT-615 (1979, $300)
The KT-615 has 4 gangs and 4 filters and uses Kenwood's pulse count detector circuitry. It has an FM MPX filter and wide/narrow bandwidth switch, but its FM mode (auto/mono) and muting controls are on the same switch, meaning that one cannot choose to listen to a weak station in stereo. Stock, it's a pretty good tuner, but when modified with narrow filters, it makes a huge jump up the rankings and becomes an excellent tuner for DXing. The KT-615 also has a good AM section and can be a nice bargain for as little as $25 or less on eBay (and one sold for $1.00 in 1/08). Make sure the tip of the power switch is not broken, a very common problem with the KT-615 and KT-815. On rare occasions nice KT-615s (particularly with the rare rack handles) can go for $100 or more ($113 in 9/08). In the "ancient history" department, a perfect KT-615 modified with narrow filters sold for a stunning $256 in early 2001, before TIC and our FMtuners group helped make mods commonplace. See the DIY Mods page for information on DIY audio section mods for the KT-615. See our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-615.

Kenwood 650T
This excruciatingly rare tuner is identical to the 600T electronically, but has a bronze face. 650Ts on eBay sold for $851 in 9/05, $585 in 4/07 and $315 in 1/08.

Kenwood 700T (1975, $750, detector/MPX scheme: ratio detector, diode bridge MPX, PLL generated 38k with upc33C chip)
The 700T, which predated the 600T, is a very rare 5-gang tuner whose tuning dial resembles the KR-6600/9600 receivers. According to our contributor Charles, the 700T is the only Kenwood tuner that uses an analog dial to set a digitally controlled oscillator - a very unusual system that is also used in the Pioneer F-28. We don't have much info from users of the 700T, but here are an interesting S/N test sheet and the left half and right half of the 700T schematic, thanks to our contributor Lonnie. The 700T usually shows up only once a year or so on eBay, but three of 'em sold for between $400 and $450 in 4-6/09. The recent low was $305 in 4/07 and the all-time highs were $810 in 8/03 and $720 in 4/06. Be careful: a "very unusual" tuner is not the same as a "great" one.

Kenwood KT-800 (1981, $275)
The FM-AM KT-800 is the baby brother of the KT-1000 and KT-900 in the "Audio Purist" line. Only two inches high, it has digital tuning in .2 MHz steps, 8 memory presets, and a clock that can be displayed instead of the frequency. Signal strength is shown by an LED indicator with up to four bars. Except for the preset buttons, all of the controls (even the power switch) are hidden behind a door that pops out of the front panel. With the electronic equivalent of 4 gangs and good stock selectivity, the KT-800 is not a bad buy at its usual price of $30 or less on eBay, and one even sold for $1.00 in 7/08.

Kenwood KT-815 (1979, $440, front, inside, schematic)
The KT-815 has 5 gangs and 4 filters, with the main differences from the KT-615 being the extra gang and an output level knob on the 815's front panel. It also uses Kenwood's pulse count detector circuitry. In our panelist Eric's side-by-side test, a KT-815 with narrower filters installed was the equal of the McIntosh MR 78 and MR 80 for sensitivity and selectivity, although the Macs sounded a bit better. The KT-815 seems to be better for DXing than the KT-7500, but the 815 sometimes sounds a bit "thin" to audiophiles. In their own side-by-side shootout, our contributors Tim and Ann found the KT-815 to be very "electronic, harsh and two-dimensional" sounding compared to a Pioneer F-91. A contributor to our FMtuners group, however, posted this nice review that may illustrate the tremendous variability in different examples of 25-to-30-year-old electronics: "I think the KT-815 is a very attractive tuner and its layout is practical and uncluttered. Internally, the circuit layout is again attractive and uncluttered. The 5-gang FM front end employs dual-gate MOS-FETs as active amplifiers. There is a Touch-Action Servo Lock Tuner that works very well (grabs a station and holds it, but is defeatable). Wide and Narrow IF bandwidth selection. Double Conversion which is found only in professional grade equipment which results in dramatic improvement in signal-to-noise ratio when used with the pulse count detector. Pulse count detector ignores distortion by turning each FM wave into a precise and uniform pulse of energy. Pilot Carrier Cancellation subtracts the pilot signal from the audio output signal at no sacrifice to overall frequency response. Direct Coupled Operational Amplifier that is powered by a +- dual power supply. It ensures low distortion, wide dynamic range, and low output impedance, and will withstand 300% overload. Powerful, well-regulated power supply with 1,000 microfarad capacitors.

"Sonically, in my opinion, this tuner is a sleeper. It reminds me a lot of its more expensive brother the KT-917 (honestly). Being a audiophile rather than a DXer, I am more inclined to purchase based on sonics. This tuner, like the 917, has a 'big' sound and flat frequency response (which I prefer to the colored sound of some tuners). I would rather make the tonal adjustments via my control amp myself. The soundstage is large (not compressed) and spatial characteristics are excellent (even more so than the KT-917). I could easily discern individual instruments and their placement in the soundstage. The stereo separation is an incredible 55 dB and signal-to-noise ratio is an extremely quiet 80 dB in stereo. This tuner really does live up to these specs. I at no time felt any listening fatigue - in fact, I find myself listening to it more often and, depending on the station and its music source, I sometimes forget that I have the tuner on and not the CD player! This is no exaggeration. This tuner is currently used with a simple dipole antenna in a hilly rural setting. I pick up a classical station that is more than 50 miles away with a strong multipath-free signal. The result is outstanding sound quality and a very quiet background in the wide mode. I had occasion to use the narrow mode for a jazz station with a weaker signal, and it eliminated much of the interference with an almost imperceptible change in the frequency response. Other tuners I've owned have included well-cared-for 'like new' versions of the Pioneer TX-9100 and TX-9500, Kenwood KT-917, McIntosh MR 77 and MR 74, Yamaha T-2, and Fisher KM-60 and FM-100B, and I must say that dollar for dollar, the Kenwood KT-815 is the best value of them all." The KT-815 usually sells for $65-125 on eBay, with a record high of $276 in 9/04 for a "new in box" one and recent highs of $170-180. A KT-815 with TIC's DIY mods went for $218 in 8/07. KT-815s with rack handles are seldom seen. See the DIY Mods page for information on DIY audio section mods for the KT-815. See how one stock KT-815 sounded in comparison to other top tuners on our Shootouts page, and read our panelist David "A"'s Ricochet. See our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-815.

Kenwood KT-880 (1985, $235)
The KT-880D may be a sleeper but we wouldn't bother with the KT-880, without the D at the end. The KT-880 sells for $10-30 on eBay with a low of $1.50 in 4/05.

Kenwood KT-880D (1987, $269)
The KT-990D's much more common little brother, the KT-880D is also a decent and mostly unknown tuner. It has 4 gangs and wide and narrow IF bandwidths, and our panelist Bob likes it for reception capability and sound. Bob adds, "It appears that the KT-880D was very similar to the KT-5020, which followed it. While not exactly the same, they share some design traits like the same MPX chip, same RF front end, same buffering and lowpass filter after the detector (which I think is sonically important), and similar, if not the same, IF section. Differences are the KT-5020's PLL detector (the KT-880D uses a simple quad detector), and the KT-5020 has a buffer after the MPX that the KT-880D lacks. Is the KT-880D an overall overachiever? We'll let others decide for sure. My vote is yes." Our contributor Stephan compared his KT-880D to an Onkyo T-4500: "For tougher (more crowded) receiving conditions, I'd prefer the T-4500, since it features one more gang, one more IF filter and a nifty channel separation correction circuit for narrow IF mode (simple but effective; look out for Q202)." Stephan also speculated, "Maybe the usual cap mods and the like would be worth a try with the 880D. On strong signals, the Kenwood with its nominally lower distortion LA1235 (instead of the LA1266 as used in the T-4500) may sound better, though that's probably more a matter of alignment." But Bob does not quite agree: "The IF chips are wholly dependent on the type and quality of quad detector *transformers* attached directly to them, and how well they are adjusted. The difference of .015% vs .03% distortion is meaningless, as the filters, quad TX and of course, alignment, will be much greater factors." Our contributor Brian Beezley calls the KT-880D "one of the most sensitive tuners I've ever measured" in the detailed review on his website. The KT-880D usually sells for $35-75 on eBay, with a recent low of $20 in 4/07 and an all-time high of $92 in 1/09.

Kenwood KT-900 (1981, $350)
Part of Kenwood's "Audio Purist" series, this little brother of the KT-1000 uses their pulse count detector circuitry also found in the 600T and KT-615/815/917 series. The KT-900 has analog tuning but has a digital LED frequency readout in addition to the analog dial. It has 4 gangs (although we have an Audio Purist brochure that erroneously claims 5 gangs!) and 4 filters and, when modified, is similar in DX performance to a modified KT-615 or 815. The KT-900 usually sells for $20-50 on eBay, with a recent low of $11.49 in 7/06 and a high of $122 in 2/05. A KT-900 with matching KA-800 amp sold for just $64 in 5/04.

Kenwood KT-917 (1979, $1,000, detector/MPX scheme: pulse count detector, discrete CMOS switch driven with slimed pulses (no charge injection cancellation) generated by analog means, MPX PLL generated 38k with HA11223 chip)
The FM-only KT-917 was the successor to the 600T as Kenwood's flagship tuner. The KT-917's front panel controls are identical to those of the 600T, leading some internet commentators to assume erroneously that the differences between the tuners are merely cosmetic, but the KT-917 is larger and has very different circuitry inside. The KT-917 has a huge 9-gang tuning capacitor, similar to the 600T's 8-gangs-and-a-jumper capacitor, and the 917 also uses Kenwood's pulse count detector circuitry, but the similarity ends there. Unlike the 600T which uses two parallel filter paths (wide/normal and narrow), the KT-917 uses a single serial IF filter circuit with taps for the three filter bandwidths. It starts with a single ultra wide ceramic filter (there are two other ceramic filters but they're used only for meters and are not in the IF path), followed by a single tuned LC filter in wide mode, followed in narrow mode by four Murata "Surface Acoustic Filters" (sometimes called SAW filters, for Surface Acoustic Wave) which were specially designed by Kenwood and are also used in the L-07T II. As each filter is normally two elements, or stages, this would give the KT-917 a 12-element narrow mode, similar to the 600T. (There are two SAW filters in the wide IF bandwidth mode.)

Our contributor David Rich observes that like the McIntosh MR 78, which is "double-tuned at the input, then has a cascoded (better linearity) RF stage followed by another double-tuned filter, the KT-917 is the same except the drain - source connection of the cascode is double-tuned and the output of the cascode amp is triple-tuned. The oscillator gets an extra tuned stage to reduce phase noise and improve matching. The mixer is passive to keep the good IP3 [third-order intermodulation - Editor] rejection. The KT-917's Stereo MPX circuit is a zero-order sample-and-hold. A small pulse generated by an analog circuit turns on the MOSFET switch for a very short period of time. At that time the output follows the composite. For the rest of the time the output stays stable. This is not a switching system where the polarity of the composite is switched on 50% of the time (the older Kenwoods do that). The zero-order sample-and-hold can be done with diode networks alone and it shows up in even early tuners such as the Marantz 10B I think. It is all explained in the KT-917's manual. IC 9 is the switch (TC4066), C35 and C38 are the hold caps, and the opamp after that is a TL 072 (IC 10). It has to be a FET op-amp to hold the charge on the cap. IC1, IC5 and IC 12 are also upgrade candidates as are all the passive in the signal path except C35 and C38 which I would not touch. IC 10 needs high slew rate and fast settling time like all op-amps in a sample-and-hold application. See Linear Tech for an upgrade of the TC 4066 (this is a high risk move but may offer lower charge injection. It should only be done if you really understand the circuit and how a part change in the switch could really kill its operation. Remember that Kenwood dumped the timing circuit to the switch in the next generation tuner. The last Kenwoods used analog multipliers."

Our contributor Georges tells us that the KT-917 has "two RF amplifier transistors Q1 and Q2 (Q2 being a common gate amplifier) before the diode doubly balanced mixer." And the KT-917's service manual says, "The RF amplifier section has a wide-gap, 9-gang variable capacitor for the double-double-triple tuning system (one tuning stage for ANT, and two tuning stages for RF). The CC3588DE used as Q1 is a DD-MOS FET (selected SD-306) which features low noise and superior square response over a broad input level/frequency range. It also features a high power gain. VR1 adjusts Q1's input response to its maximum linearity. For servicing adjust VR1 so that the maximum deflection of the S-meter can be obtained. In the second stage, another double-tuning circuit is coupled to a common-gate amplifier, which features a lower input impedance and stable amplification with no influence from feedback admittance."

The KT-917 is extremely sensitive but anyone expecting state-of-the-art selectivity will be disappointed. The KT-917 is considerably scarcer than the 600T and can sell for $475-700 or more on eBay, depending on condition (one with rack handles sold for $980 in 3/07, and one without handles went for $830 in 3/09). See Bob's 600T vs. KT-917 page for a further technical comparison of the KT-917 to the 600T and the results of a head-to-head shootout between the two tuners, and the DIY Mods page for information on DIY audio section mods for the KT-917 and how to adjust its filters. See how one KT-917 sounded in comparison to other top tuners on our Shootouts page, and read our panelist David "A"'s Ricochet. See our Kenwood brochures page for more about the KT-917. [BF][EF]

Kenwood KT-990D (1988, $375, detector/MPX scheme: PLL detector, "Direct Pure" linear multiplying circuit with MC 1495L)
Somewhat of a sleeper until Jim's Shootout hit the presses, the fairly common KT-990D is a humdrum-looking black digital tuner. It has the electronic equivalent of 5 gangs, but 2 are in the local oscillator, so it's really like 4 by our traditional method of counting. The KT-990D has 2 ceramic filters plus an LC filter for the Wide IF bandwidth mode, and 3 ceramics in Narrow. The output amp is an NJM4560. There is a Direct Loop Linear Detector (DLLD), which is Kenwood's implementation of a phase locked loop detector, only seen on top performance tuner models. The "Distortion Cancellation Circuit" appears to generate a distortion-canceling signal that is mixed into the signal to correct for IF filter non-linearities. Our contributor John L. reports, "The KT-990D has a button labeled RF Selector that switches between Direct and Distance, which is the same as local/distant. There is also a button labeled Active Reception that switches between letting the user manually select the IF and RF settings or letting the tuner automatically select those settings." The KT-990D's current eBay price range seems to be $125-225, with a recent low of $102 in 5/09 and a recent high of $273 in 1/09. A KT-990SD, whatever that is, sold for $142 in 1/07 (please post in our FMtuners group if you know anything about the KT-990SD).

=============================================
Pioneer TX-9100 and TX-9500,
Kenwood KT-917,
McIntosh MR 77 and MR 74,
Yamaha T-2,
Fisher KM-60 and FM-100B
Kenwood KT-815 is the best value of them all

KT-880D was very similar to the KT-5020
Differences are the KT-5020's PLL detector (the KT-880D uses a simple quad detector)

個人一直覺得99.7沒有用什麼等化，原本的設備（包括用中華電信專線把訊號從電台傳到發射機）對低頻可能有沒有正面助益。
ICRT的等化則很類似美國的商業電台。
標準等化只是對高頻加強,沒等化高頻會衰減.

FM 電台以音響性而論播放好聽程度呢? 大家來說說感想吧.
在台北市地區常聽的感覺如下,
愛樂 99.7 > 飛碟電台 >中廣流行網 96.3 > > ICRT 100.7
93.1 內容不錯, 可惜音響性悅耳程度不夠.
ICRT 播放效果, 個人較不喜, 聽聽搖滾樂 RAP 大概可以, 有點覺得將頻段扭曲得厲害.

最常聽的103.3 其次99.7 在其次107.7

北部有99.7愛樂電台
中部有97.7好家庭音樂電台

Muting的功能是消除無電台訊號時的粉紅噪音,
方便你由a台移動到b台時,不會聽惱人的雜音,
off時stereo功能會失效,可能有其他因素
Muting 看個人是否要用,消除噪音是很好,但一些背景音也消失
請問一些老tuner都有de-emphasis選項
有75uS,50uS還有25uS 請問在台灣要設多少？
北美75uS，歐陸50uS，25uS是對應已經走入歷史的Dolby FM。
台灣頻道間隔為200kHz跟北美相同，所以應該設在75uS。

昨晚使用環保的接點清潔劑將FM3的Tuning 可變電容清潔後，將tuning旋鈕來回轉動約20-30次
今天早上將FM3上電聽99.7 發覺聲音變得很乾淨。
有指針式TUNER的朋友都可以試試！
我是看這個討論串才想說來試試看，效果真是不錯
他強調一定要使用環保不殘留的接點清潔劑
Audio Karma - How to clean a tuner
http://www.audiokarma.org/forums/showthread.php?t=144163
1. 重點是要使用不殘留的環保接街點清潔劑
2. 清潔完並將tunning旋鈕來回轉20-30次後，
最好等隔天在上電。其實tuner收訊跟放音很正常的話，應該沒有必要去清潔它！
ECSP一瓶才$200
行動非常成功 DCSP 好用,真的聲音變乾淨,聽台北愛樂泛音一路平順飄盪而出
換上低底噪蘇聯6BL8管,收訊穩定更容易調出最佳收訊 比原狀態進步非常明顯
目前只剩間歇出現的輕微底噪, 不知是FM3的關係,還是台北愛樂訊號不良

我的LUXMAN T-40A指針式FM TUNER是30年老機經永和市馬先生修改滿意使用中
他的信箱bx2aw@yahoo.com.tw
他的手機0919200292
他的部落格http://www.wretch.cc/blog/bx2aw/12422167
請先電話連絡:告訴他您日本的KENWOOD FM TUNER出廠年份，指針式還是數位式

一直以來.都找不到一支接收靈敏的天線來聽音樂
有一天看到有人用第四台的線當天線.接收電台訊號
突發奇想家裡反正有一些"無線電的天線".靈敏度佳的SG-7700
就拿來充當天線接收.配上用『75-OHM』的RG-6U Cable 來傳送訊號.
Tuner就用清晰靈敏的KENWOOD主機來負責解析
再用KENWOOD的前後級AMP.推 B&W DM-610的喇叭
那種聲音感覺不像電台.連背景聲都會聽到.
原來電台的音樂.也可以如此清晰動人..不錯喔！現在滿意極了.......

收訊不好去電子材料行買FM專用的八木天線
有指向性增益也高 一個約2百元左右
收訊效果比我目前用的Fanfare FM2G 還要棒
缺點.體積大,醜,沒質感

用大樓的公共天線（接收無線電視台的）直接接75歐母的5C同軸線到收音機
收音效果相當滿意...之前自己做天線甚至買FM可調強波器
調半天都沒這個好，住大樓的網友可以試試

不同品牌天線及連接線也會稍微影響收訊品質 , 不能說八木天線指向性不夠好 , 應該說 " 她 " 容易受影響 , 用無指向性天線試試
不是全指向性的天線就不會有問題，天線站立的位置也會影響收訊，除了放高一點以外，位置移一移也可以有新發現。

我目前用的就是ST2 效果跟八木相比,會更差
ST2只是名氣大而已,效果不怎麼樣,增益值好像是0？
拿75歐姆電纜線撥開後銅蕊長度跟ST2的鋼蕊一樣長,銅蕊露出後固定比較麻煩,
效果就跟ST2差不多,沒必要多花錢
八木天線隨便買增益值應該有6db吧,用八木收不好 只能考慮換房子

使用ST-2建議接一條更優質的75 ohm同軸電纜線,提升效果保證聽得見~

ST2 跟 八木天線 我都使用過 八木收訊能力遠遠強過ST2
缺點就是 醜 粉大隻 佔空間 難固定 颱風一吹 又要換一隻
ST2沒有增益就是沒有增益
這是天線結構的問題 唯一的優點是無指向性

八木天線的結構有導波 有反射
所以有指向性 有增益
越微弱收訊越差的地區就需要有高增益的天線
八木天線佔空間和醜倒是真的 很難讓大廈的每位住戶可以輕鬆安裝而不讓鄰居知道～

ST2只適合FM訊號強的地區使用,收訊不良的地方就不必了
收訊不好的地區換ST2在換任何線材也是沒有用的 找個高增益的八木還比較有用
還在迷失進口高價必定是好貨嗎? 倒不如花個幾百元買台製品八木天線玩玩

魚骨有方項性,位置正確,沒天線是對手
這兩天的心得是：
菱形天線可能是針對99.7MHZ製作，所以99.7的收訊很好，但是其他電台 卻有許多雜音！
若調到91.3收訊OK則99.7會有雜音。無法兼顧。

但是小魚骨可以在相對較小雜音下兼顧到91.3 & 99.7
發現我的小魚骨是針對UHF段而非VHF頻段
去買VHF頻段專用的魚骨試試！說保證會滿意.....
台北哪裡可以買到VHF專用的魚骨天線？
大約上個禮拜 在中華路的德昌有看到 FM專用的一支三百多塊
就擺在門口 紙盒裝 所以看不見長什麼樣子
拿起來很輕 感覺上是鋁製品 品質好不好 就不知道了
在中華路德昌買到了,直接問 FM天線他就拿給你了!!
目前小試一下放到3F陽台,台中97.7古典音樂台已可收到,雖然只有4格(10格)或許它的功率較大,收聽的質還可接受,
其它台也都略有進步,待明日再放到4F看看!!
天線上頂樓後該強的都強了!地方台或是全國網送得到的大致上都是滿格!聲音好壞就看各電台的素質啦!
ICRT7-8格還算OK ,台中的古典音樂台就4格沒什進步!不過音質還不錯!
因為目前是以CABLE線2米+喇叭線撐著用,過陣子再全段使用CABLE線看會不會再進步!

千萬要全段用同軸線, 如能使用進口168編以上銅心同軸線更好,
不好的線訊號衰減會很嚴重

有沒有較方便的方式架設FM的八木天線？
一般舊公寓樓頂也加蓋，只剩陽台窗戶可以伸到外頭去，架設這種大型天線還真是有點危險！
八木天線幾乎都很大,這是她的敗筆,也是我買 FM-2G 的原因 !

我個人的經驗是:
如果開車在你家附近較空曠地點聽收音機的愛樂電台看看!
若收訊夠清晰的話那麼最佳的收訊就是再你家頂樓裝"八木魚骨天線"(鋁置約300元)再想辦法皆同軸線到你的tuner.應該就會OK!
但是如果你家附近較空曠地點車上都如法收得好愛樂電台的話!那麼還是死了這條心吧!
愛樂的電波發射在陽明山竹子湖所以在東湖汐止一帶是被山阻擋的死角!恐怕是沒救的!
我家住內湖瑞光路原本收訊也是一直不理想最終也是靠頂樓裝"八木魚骨天線"才解決收訊的問題!供參考!

數位天線跟FM天線是不一樣的?那FM要用哪種?
FM專用八木天線

數位電視頻寬533~599mhz
FM頻寬88~108mhz
天線大小差很大
FM用八木是最好,退而求其次,用兔耳天線也可以
兔耳天線B&Q有賣
兔耳限制多 還是找八木的比較實際

那種同軸接頭叫F接頭。一般有線電視都有在使用RCA端子的同軸接頭。
若不相同，很可能是歐規Tuner再用的接頭。
用F接頭75歐姆轉兩個Y插300歐姆，然後裝在300毆母接頭也是OK的

我的就是這種F頭,但是現在接300歐姆收訊ok,可以不用管它了

在八德路新生南路口的地下室電子商場內,
有一家電料行(源達)可以找到對應的歐規母接頭.
母頭有點像兩個同心圓, 外圈套外圈, 內圈套中間那根

大家都想買最高級的tuner,對中階的tuner很有興趣..大概NT$6000-10000之間,日本70-80年代有不少好機器..Tuner這東西,一般而言,非常耐用..
以下是選tuner時,注意的順序:
1.有兩組輸出.有音量控制更棒.
2.有沒有75ohm天線輸入(coax)(旋轉接頭更棒),有的甚至有兩組A,B獨立天線輸入.(Multipath有關)
3.低音equalizer選擇﹔(150,75,50Hz)
4.tuning step selector (一般只分narrow或wide),有的DX tuner有多种選擇.
如果tuner有任何其中一項,大檄是中階以上的機器.

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MARANTZ 10B 英雄惜英雄 ! 這台很好
用過marantz老tuner真是感受到讚不絕口
只有用過 10B 和 同品牌收音擴大機 2XXX 系列

個人現役tuner即為Accuphase T-1000,而前一機種剛好也是您所使用的Marantz ST-17,
2者的差異可說是天壤之別,T-1000在S/N與音樂性上提升非常多,比較過後會覺得ST-17真的"只是一部收音機而已"...

不是兩萬內的Tuner都爛 是Marantz ST-17的 S/N比太爛囉
S/N Ratio (Mono/Stereo) 80/73 dB
詳見 http://us.marantz.com/Products/617.asp
若CDP為80分,原音為100分,我覺得ST17只有40分

MARANTZ 2120
迷人燈光與溫暖聲音然真夠毒
我是用T型天線,但是聽FM時有些電台的STEREO燈不會亮,調整天線方向改善也有限...雖然聲音清楚,但總是MONO,有點疑惑.....
反而另一部較低階的老COLMBIA無此現象,隨便轉都會亮STEREO燈,只是雜音較多
需要拉戶外天線！Marantz tuner最好送去給師傅調整一下。
把MZRANTZ 2120接回來了!原本收訊98.9愛樂剛好該死的立體燈不會亮,訊號強度只在2.5-3.3遊走
師傅調整的很好,換了一顆接收晶片,現在是4格多,而且所有電台立體燈都沒問題
marantz 2120 run了2天漸入佳境,現在發出的聲音像牛奶糖一樣香Q滑順,全頻段都很有彈性,很難相信是在聽廣播

Marantz 10B
Marantz ST-8
Marantz Model 2100
Marantz ST-385

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Magnum Etude，持有最久也不想賣換，接調好線 cardas neutral reference 及原廠天線，深夜聽99.7都不用起來換片
Etude也是三個表，很美
Magnum Dynalab美格郎 MD-90 的樣子,但我找資料... 大家都比較喜歡 MD100. 但我就比較愛看 90 的三個錶.

現在原廠已將MD-108升級為MD-108T，上面還有觸控螢幕的MD-109

Magnum的Tuner, 在朋友家聽過 覺得聲音乾乾的
可能還是T1000好音, 好的Tuner聲音有3D感 一般的Tuner聲音是平面的

最近接了一台 MAGNUM MD100
覺得類比FM聲音還不錯比市面一般日式電子選台收音機好
家裡收訊還不錯一條CATV 1.5MCABLE當天線 愛樂收訊強度直逼9 其他常聽電台也接近滿格
有平衡輸出但目前因為與擴大機音腳位問題暫時接單端

覺得md100應該是美格朗tuner中c/p值最高的
Magnum MD-100音質確定比Denon環繞擴大機的聲音好 價格也貴兩倍

Magnum Dynalab 的 MD-90 與 MD-100 最大的差別在聲音的厚度 ,
MD-90 比較清晰 , MD-100 比較醇厚耐聽 ,
此外 MD-100 有平衡輸出端子 , MD-90 有 三 組指針表 ,
MD-100 只有兩組 , 其中一個表把原本的 反射波 以及 訊號強度
兩種顯示的功能改為由撥桿選擇 !!
MD-100 有金色以及黑色面版 , MD-90 只有黑色.
金色的 MD-100 旋鈕是純銅鍍 24K 金 , 黑色的是鋁合金.

md-90銀色的價格好像比較貴,差md-100 沒多少吧,可以的話直接衝 md-100

Magnum與Revox二台都是好聲
以外表來說,較推薦Magnum 以傳統聲音來說,Revox卻是難捨

20K~30K大概是甚麼樣牌子哪個型號?
REVOX就有了 請問是REVOX哪個型號?還是REVOX任何一個型號皆可?
B261, B260, B760就很古老了..也是最壯觀的

最近在試試器材的差異, 將原本接在CD Player(Vincent CDS6MK)上的電源線(AC-10)與訊號線(Pro Silway MKIII+)改接到MD-100,
非常驚訝, MD-100的聲音竟然比CDS6MK還優. 常常將MD-100開整晚聽99.7台北愛樂, 隔天早上起來摸摸MD-100的機殼, 幾乎沒有感覺溫度有顯著的上升.
常常下了班回家, 就開啟MD-100, 省去了CD Player的一些步驟: 開CD 承盤, 放CD, 關CD承盤, 按Play, 也不用擔心還要更換CD片.
另一個優點, Tuner非常適合用來run-in 線材.

提供Magnum md-90 的s/n比供參考,也不高,75db
md-100 的規格, 噪訊比也只有80db
現在還有md-100t 真空管版的, 供大家參考

======================================
YAMAHA TX-1000也在兩萬元內啊 (停產很久了)
http://www.fmtunerinfo.com/TX-1000manualA.pdf
但FM的S/N比就很高 FM Signal-to-Noise Ratio: 98dB Mono, 90dB Stereo
轉到收訊好的電台,不知情的人會以為我在放CD
目前出價：7,800 元

Tuner Yamaha T-85 除了平常聽音樂外,還用它來測試音響器材..一架amp,接tuner (Yamaha T-85),
然後收聽5個自己熟悉的電台,聽聽主播的談話,如果感覺自然順耳,這架amp才算合格..這方法又簡單又準確..

Yamaha T-2 要看運氣,之前5000買到

======================================
可以考慮 Accuphase T1000
詳見 http://www.accuphase.com/model/pdf/t-1000_e.pdf
S/N Mono 90dB, Stereo 85dB 非常好的表現
使用Accuphase T-1000收聽台北愛樂週五晚間的週五喜相逢節目,
彷若2位主持人就坐在我面前現場主持一樣,那時段的音樂聽起來也特別的與眾不同,非常的hi-fi, 活生感也相當好

S/N的標準不一, 不同廠牌互相比較可能不夠實際...
Accuphase有兩種標準, 早期用65dBf輸入, S/N數值較低, 後來改用安80dBf輸入, S/N數值就漂亮多了

剛敗了AQ T-1000,位在新店偏遠靠山的地區,一般FM TUNER接收即使透過專用FM八木天線,仍然會有嚴重的音質失真,即使重金敗入MARANTZ 10B也沒法解決.
T-1000則在相同的惡劣條件下,讓我聽到了超越MARANTZ 10B的音質,接收穩定性幾乎接近CD的播放,果真是神奇的TUNER.

Accuphase收音效果真的很好 不仔細聽還真的以為在聽CD

accuphase tuner的音色是非常優異的!
目前是有一台accuphase T-100 tuner : 音色是清澈透明華麗,高音延伸飄逸,立體分離度也不錯,是我目前四台愛機之ㄧ。
(kenwood l-02t,revox b760, mcintosh mr-71,accuphase t-100).
老tuner零件會老化是必然的,但是只要不嚴重的話就不用去動它.但若是有雜音，收訊很差，立體燈都不亮(非燈泡)就需要請可靠師傅修理!
http://audio-heritage.jp/ACCUPHASE/tuner/t-101.html
accuphase t-101:周波数直線4連FM専用精密バリコン
日幣110,000（1974 年5月発売)
http://audio-heritage.jp/ACCUPHASE/tuner/t-100.html2.accuphase
t-100: 周波数直線5連バリコン
日幣135,000（1973 年9月発売）
PS:accuphase t-100等級高於accuphase t-101 一些.高音延伸不佳應該是沒立體mono的關係,系統也或許有一點關聯!

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Kenwood 是製造無線電的知名大廠 製造出的收音機效果也都很棒
尤其是 KT-3300D Tuner 效果更是棒
當時推出時在日本是當年的 Tuner 機皇 得到日本音響雜誌大賞獎的Tuner
隔了許多年YAMAHA的紀念機種TX-2000 Tuner 才拿到此獎 (內部與TX-1000完全相同)

KT-3300D的確是很棒的一部tuner,可惜當年只能遠觀而不可褻玩只買得起KT-1100 OR 990

用Kenwood KT5020啦,好像是某FM TUNER網站的甚麼世界十大名機,配室外八木天線,還蠻暫的啦,
一個月前在台灣YAHOO標的,才2張小朋友.

Kenwood的終極銘機應該是1982年初的這台:KT-L02
1987年的KT-3300D也很優
http://www.fmtunerinfo.com/shootouts.html#KT-3300D

用的是KENWOOD KT-594有10年了，原廠鳥鳥的天線就收訊很好，
再加上真空管buffer聲音增添不少韻味
直購價：$1,500

Kenwood KT-5020 第10名,她好聽嗎? 外型與kt-7020很像

KENWOOD KT-880D, 靈敏度不錯, 住7樓, 用T型天線就可以了 用過的 KENWOOD 收信都非常好!

kenwood l-02t實際聽後的感想:
1.不愧是tuner之王(30年前的機器了),它的低頻強且沉但卻不濁!中頻聲音清澈透明,高頻纖細,延伸又棒!3D包圍感,立體分離度又高,細節超多!
2.機器本身的設計非常精細與講究(功能設定,選項,微調,可以調到適合最恰當條件與狀態).
3.說明書解說清楚詳細且介紹到如何可以收到最好及最正確的訊號方法!(包含如何架設專用八木天線及天線最佳位置角度和調校方法真是受益良多!)
長久以來一直覺得在訊源方面tuner VS CD player比較之下,tuner 比較弱的部份就是立體的分離度與結像還有聲音的乾淨度. 沒想到kenwood l-02t竟然可以達到這種境界!真的是非常滿意與佩服!且它的聲音就是那麼自然,真實,不做作,不加料! 難怪tuner information會以它作為其他tuner比較評比的標準!

KENWOOD KT-595
這台TUNER的選台反應非常好，切換頻率不會有遲鈍現象，約0.1秒就完成切換電台的動作！
聲音方面還不錯，音質清晰、明亮，立體聲分離度不錯，但是低音部分量感少了一些......
當時我是以3500元在中華路買的(開價3700元)

KENWOOD KT-591S 花了900元!
通常tuner翻譯成調諧器.具有AM FM 功能.有的較高級的機種還可以聽短波.就是世界各地的電台都可以聽的到
廣播有趣的地方就是永遠不知道下一首歌是啥.(不要刻意去查節目表)有時候轉到想聽的節目.或是久違的歌曲.那種新鮮的感覺是奇妙的.
以前用過Kenwood的receiver(類比)，要搭室外FM專用天線，差很多。FM專用與無線電視的不同。
記得當時Stereophiel上還有FM Antennae榜單。

Kenwood KT-595 售$2500
Kenwood KT-594 售1500元
kenwood kt-593 售1500
KENWOOD KT-591S 1600 元

Kenwood 較佳的tuner有 L-02T, KT-990D,L-1000T等

Kenwood KT-880D
擁有高階型號特有的DLRC線路,接收訊號超強!
聲音層次好,Display顯示豐富.有FM立體燈! 聲音不輸CD放出來的喔!
這台十分易於使用(可輕易設定20個電臺,AM/FM各10個)

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目前用的日本山水sansui TU-X501 Tuner
聲音很棒, 其失真只有0.04%(stereo),Accuphase T1000失真也是0.04%
足以打敗大多數現時的數位式Tuner
比之前用的Audiolab 8000T聲音還好 但價錢便宜許多
下一個目標T1000 考慮中
商品價格: 2800 元

Sansui TUX501
這台比之前用過的Audiolab 8000T聲音還好
靈敏度高,用室內T型天線99.7愛樂電台就收到滿格
失真低(Stereo 0.04%,Mono 0.02% 同Accuphase T1000的失真率)
商品價格: 2800 元

Sansui TU-D99X (TU-S707X), 還不錯玩 ~

Sansui TU-719 也是銘機了
FM3聽廣播主持人的聲音拳拳到肉，非常真實！ 只是S/N比不夠好，背景雜音較大。
聽人聲很棒，但是聽弦樂器就不及TU-719了。
如果有會調整FM3的達人可以介紹給我，真是感激不盡！
TU-719線路應該很傑出，同是台北愛樂，TU-719的背景雜訊就非常少。
我這邊的FM訊好本來就不佳，多雲的天氣更糟。但TU-719的收訊與雜訊處理就非常好。
TU-719的聲音像是溫柔少女。FM3的聲音就像熟女一樣。各有所長。

TU-719 頻率有誤差...
TU-719 v.s. FM3 我選719,719看起來很迷人,陶醉了!

SANSUI TU-9500 香港人說這部靓聲之極
SANSUI AU-9900 這台聲音我不喜歡, 個人感覺她呆呆的, 沒買!

對FM3的聽感我也有相同的感受--拳拳到肉，非常真實
聽臺北愛樂易受鄰頻干擾,特別是地下電台
S/N比不佳,不知道是不是真空管TUNER的通病
將FM3 MPX board的6BL8(ECF80)，位置是V71,在輸出管12AX7前那一支管子，更換成低雜訊的管子，你會對FM3有新的認識。
我換了好幾個廠牌，結果換上蘇聯管的雜音最低，但也最便宜！
有興趣的話，可以在露天用6BL8搜尋就可以找到。
原廠管要看哪種管子。 整台機器有三種牌子的管子
TFK,Mullard,還有一個美國管在天線輸入端的第二隻管子。 那隻mullard的應該是原廠的。

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PIONEER的收音機收訊效果還不錯
日製舊貨 六年級的pioneer TX608 聲音稍嫌單薄 解析良好.

聽過這台: Pioneer TX5500
聲音不錯耶! 聲音不炫染, 不會太單薄, 收訊力也不弱! 很耐聽! 或許是我耳朵不挑!

十多年來一直用kenwood tuner,最近入手一台Tuner Information Center榜上1980年代的出產的pioneer f-91, 雖沒L-02T高檔,不過老實說聲音決非近代tuner所能比擬

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Sony ST-J75
我覺得聲音在我聽過這類型Tuner裡算是最好的！聲音有質感,很耐聽。
但是寬鬆度我覺得Sansui TU-719就勝出。
Sony ST-J75就是使用起來方便，聲音有一定的水準，目的就達到了。

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LUXMAN R-1050
個人覺得是在7000~8000左右比較合理
但是你要先喜歡Luxmam聲音再買 我對於他的低頻個人不喜歡
好像要他的a類重量級的才有更好表現....

有玩過 YAMAHA T2 , Marantz 120B , KENWOOD 1100SD , LUXMAN T50A
個人評比
外觀:120B > T50A > T2 > 1100SD
功能:120B > 1100SD > T2 > T50A
收信強度:T2 > 1100SD > T50A = 120B
後續維修:T50A > T2 > 1100SD > 120B

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平價的TUNER也有不錯的嗎?
大約一個禮拜前買了國產 山進牌的WR-1(全新品約2600元)
使用感想:還算物有所值,整體組裝及感覺都不錯
螢幕亮度均勻,旋鈕質感算及格,比較好的是輸出輸入及用電界面都蠻齊全
收音靈敏上比一般組合式音響要強一些 原廠喇叭音質比較渾厚,著重低頻,細膩度就差強人意
整體還算滿意啦 有機會再買台TIVOLI比較比較~

預算上限制，不超過2萬而言，剛好有兩台可參考，Marantz ST-17和Proton AT-470。
外型而言，ST-17果然金光閃閃，漂亮，但不典雅。而Proton像個窮小子一樣很普通的黑色機箱，面板簡約，但卻有著早期NAD的影子。
收訊，兩者在我家客廳都有著近85分的收訊標準 (Marantz用T型，Proton用原廠內建天線)
聲音，竟發現Proton雖然沒有著光鮮的外表，但表現卻充滿著類比的磁性，感動指數高於ST-17，這一台讓太座也驚訝不已，因為二手價差差了5倍。

用的是Proton AT-670只接一般T型天線,我覺得聲音比CD-player好一點點.AT470,AT670聽說是一位德國工程師設計,S/N比還不錯.另外二手價真的很便宜1~3千應該就可以買到.

那10K左右的tuner新舊不拘
10K左右就AV擴(DENON 3803)內建的將就使用..把錢省下來..換高檔一點比較有意義

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低價位找古早KENWOOD機器，音質細緻爽朗，中價位可找古早英美器材，如audiolab,creek,甚至Scott管機，如果預算較豐，還是會推薦Magnum的機器

老MARANTZ TUNER 不錯 型號成熟作工古典 Ebay上面一堆
便宜又好 晚上開著還會發出藍光

現用MARANTZ 2100(1977-1980出廠), 真的不貴,
聽音樂很輕鬆也很舒服, 尤其那淺藍色的燈光真的迷死人!

覺得denon 的音質不錯呢，中音飽滿，高頻不尖
家裡兩台都是denon TU - 460 RG

只有一台TU-460, 總覺得低頻不夠猛
不曉的換機會不會改善, 還是電台本來就這樣

如果預算不是問題.........
Accuphase最新的T-1000是絕佳的選擇,不過定價比前一代的T-109V高了一半以上

10K左右
如果有二手公司貨的marantz ST-17,應該蠻有人想要的
現在用的，就是這台，ST17.還好，當初當機立斷買下它。

accuphase 的老tuner t101 + st-2天線 音質很棒
濃濃的古味+藍色的燈光 別有一番風情

女人要學做聰明的女人，懂得男人的進退，也懂得給自己儲備後退的路，把握男人不是只抓住他的胃就可以了，更重的是要讓這個男人心甘情願的為你掏腰包貼心肺。聰明女人懂得不做以下幾個舉動：

一、大手大腳，不懂得管理家庭經濟收入與支出。
無論是男人還是女人，一個家庭有一個人大手大腳都可能會有被生活所迫的那麼一天。一個男人如果大手大腳，一個家庭就有可能會出現危機感。一個女人如果大手大腳，男人有再多的錢，有再大的能力都不夠她花，找到鑽石王老五，那也不一定夠她敗。

有質感的女人能清楚的知道花錢花出來的價值，除了花了錢，還能把一塊錢變成兩塊錢存到卡上去，這樣的女人肯定能旺夫。

二、不支持男人的社會交際，甚至破壞他的交際圈。
男人需要傲氣，需要面子，需要成就感。女人如果不支持他的交際，等於直接把他禁錮起來，久而久之，他的圈子就會不斷的縮水，他失去的可能不只是他的朋友，還有可能是機遇。交際，還包括異性，女人如果在這方面放不開，就是自尋煩惱。

男人需要異性和同性的朋友，朋友多了，事業上機遇就多了。束縛他的交際圈，很有可能就是斷他的發財路。愛他，就放開手，讓他去為了你拚搏，讓他有成就感的生活著。

三、在朋友面前洩漏男人的隱私，損害他的面子。
男人的臉，比他兜裡的信用卡重要。一個男人可以給你一張信用卡，但決對不允許你在背後說三道四。愛在朋友、同事或者家人面前洩漏他隱私的女人，是不會取悅男人的女人。男人有的時候需要的不是一個賢惠的妻子，更需要是一個善解人意守得住秘密的妻子。

在外損害男人面子的女人，實際上是自己打自己的臉，同時也是損害男人在別人心目中的形像價值。

四、無法獨立，整天都渴望男人陪在自己的身邊。
一個獨立的女人充滿了魅力，但如果一個女人不獨立，那麼將十分可怕。男人喜歡獨立的女人，因為獨立的女人懂得享受生活，懂得充實自己。

思想上不獨立的女人，經常在男人面前唸唸叨叨，很有可能會導致矛盾產生。時間久了，男人也就沒有心思好好工作了。一心只貼在女人身上的男人，必有近憂。想要很多很多的愛，那麼就離他遠點，他會帶著更多的愛和關心來找你的。

五、疑神疑鬼，什麼事情都要男人交代。
女人天生對愛情要敏感很多，一點點的風吹草動，都有可能會導致她情緒化。男人回來晚了，她要問，男人喝酒了，她要問個清楚，甚至男人出去吃了個飯，她也要問和他一起吃飯的人是男是女。

長期的疑神疑鬼，只可能讓男人崩潰，他還有什麼心思和你一起好好生活，一起策劃未來?愛他，就選擇相信他吧。

六、做男人的老闆，呼之則來，揮之則去。
家務需要兩個人一起去承擔，要任何一方來完全承擔家務都是影響家庭和諧的做法。聰明的女人，懂得分配任務，在自己做家務的時候，同時也叫上他。絕非自己坐在那看電視嗑瓜子，吩咐自己的男人去倒茶。

當一個女人在家調養出一個辦事員的時候，他在外也很有可能就只是一個辦事員。別在生活上打擊他的積極性，讓他積極的生活著，比撿到一個聚寶盆更有用。敗壞男人生活性質的女人，比扣掉他的信用卡更讓人可怕。